OBJECTIVE 3 INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

OBJECTIVE 3: INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Interactions and Interdependence

Knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things and have specialized parts that perform specific functions, and that viruses are different from cells and have different properties and functions.

Virus and Bacteria Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in digestion and in causing diseases such as in streptococcus infections and diphtheria.

Viruses Virus Latin for toxin or poison. A virus is a small infectious agent that cannot reproduce on its own. It need a host to reproduce. It is extremely small. There are millions of different viruses. Viruses consist of two or three parts. � They have genes made up of DNA or RNA that carry genetic information. � They have a protein coat that protects the genes. � And some have a envelope of fat surrounding them.

Viruses They come in many shapes and some say they look like space ships. They have receptors or spikes sticking out. Viruses are not effected by antibiotics. They do no good. Your body must build up an immunity to a virus. Vaccines are small weak strains of a virus give to you so your body’s defensives can build up an immunity to the real virus.

Viruses or Viral Infections: Common cold, chicken pox, cold sores, ebola, AIDS, influenza, hepatitis A, B, C, D, & E, rabies, measles, rhinovirus, mumps, small pox, rubella, polio, HIV, STD’s there are many others. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) The virus attacks the Helper T Cells that are in your immune system that fights infections so they can no longer fight off any infection. There are no medicines that fight infections, your body must build up an immunity. Vaccines help your body build up an immunity to the virus.

Virus Cycle Attach to cell, enter cell, take over cell and reproduce, the cell explodes sending out more viruses.

Bacteria Bacteria are a large group of unicellular prokaryote microorganisms: (one celled, lack a true nucleus, and are very small living things). They come in many shapes. Some live in extreme environments: (acidic hot springs, nuclear waste, deep in the ocean, in extremely cold climates, in your intestines). Some are good and some are bad. We need them. They have a flagella or cilia to help them move around

Bacteria: the Good They recycle nutrients, they are involved in the nitrogen cycle, and carbon cycle, they break down biological waste. They are necessary in sewage treatment. They are necessary for yoghurt, cheese, pickles, vinegar, soy sauce production through fermentation. They help in digestion and food elimination.

Bacteria: the Bad Bacterial Infections: Cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, bubonic plague, TB tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, food poisoning, pneumonia, meningitis, and E coli; there are many others.

Bacteria Bacterial infections and be controlled and eliminated with antibiotics. Antibiotics kill or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Penicillin Bacteria can build up an immunity to antibiotics.

Biological Evolution Knows theory of biological evolution.

Evolution Evolution is most simply put as “changes over time”. All things change over time, but when we refer to evolution we are referring to several generations. How do organisms differ due to the change in climate, location, environment, and natural causes. What organisms survive and thrive? Why do some die off and become extinct? What changes over a long period of time?

Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology. Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and extinction.

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.

Diversity means many different things. Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species, which is the product of nearly 3. 5 billion years of evolution.

Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. A population changes to live better in their environment.

Extinction To end. The end of an organism or group or species. The dinosaurs are extinct.

Mutation When a mistake is made in the replication in DNA and a different amino acid is made in a protein, it is called a mutation. A mutation can be a good thing, a bad, thing or have no affect whatsoever. It the mutation gives the organism an advantage to survival, it’s a good thing and may be passed to the next generation. If the mutation is a bad thing, the organism may not survive at all or have a disadvantage is thriving. If the mutation is passed on to future generations, a physical change in the organism may occur.

Mutation to generations As a mutation is passed from one generation to another, it can be followed through its changes in the structure and make up of the organism. Examples: Bird beaks can change shape, coloring can change, size of leaves can change, physical size can change, skeletons can show a change over very long periods of time. Extinction can happen. No more: T Rex , Dodo Bird, Passenger Pigeon, Woolly Mammoth,

Phylogeny The tree of life. How does life trace itself. How is life related to each other. The study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms.

Knows theory of biological evolution.

Biological Evolution Biological evolution is the observable process through which the characteristics of organisms change over successive generations, by means of genetic variation and natural selection. Biological evolution is a change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time. Genetic variability is the measure of variation in genetic makeup between individuals in a population. Natural selection is also known as the survival of the fittest.

Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and between organisms and the physical environment.

Biodiversity A variety of life. Different animals and different plants.

Biotic Living stuff or has been living stuff. Plants, animals, etc.

Abiotic Non living stuff. Air, dirt, water, temperature, wind, etc.

Biomass The total mass of living or been living stuff.

Trophic levels Feeding levels: Trophic means food or feeding T 1: Producers Autotrophs T 2: Primary Consumers; 1 st level consumer T 3: Secondary Consumers; 2 nd level consumer T 4: Tertiary Consumers; 3 rd level consumer T 5: Quaternary Consumers; 4 th level consumer

Food Pyramid & Trophic Levels

Autotroph Producers Produce their own food by using the energy from the Sun and the environment to make sugar through photosynthesis.

Herbivores Eat only plants

Heterotrophs Consumers They eat the produces and consumers. Organisms that feed on other organisms.

Omnivores Eat both plants and animals Eat multiple levels of the food chain.

Carnivores Eat animals

Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains, food webs, and food pyramids.

Graphic Feeding Relationships Food Chain Food Wed Food Pyramid Energy Pyramid The arrow points to who eats. The arrow points in the direction the energy flows

Chains, Webs, & Pyramids The ultimate energy source is the Sun. (it is not considered part of ) Decomposers, Scavengers, & Detritivors are not parts either. 10% rule: 10% of any level is passed to the next level and the 90% remaining is used at that level to carry on life processes and/or is lost to heat.

Food Chain

Food Chain

Food Chain

Food Chain

Food Web

Food Chains

Food Pyramid

Energy Flow

Energy Pyramid

Detritivors Animals or plants that consume dead organic material (detritus).

Scavangers Animals that consume dead animals (corpses or carrion) Vultures, beetles, blowflies, yellowjackets, raccoons, hyenas, lions,

Decomposers Organisms that consume organic materials, plant and animal.

Niche A descriptive term for a relational position of a organism’s species. A place where it belongs and can thrive.

Symbiosis Knows that interdependence and interactions occur within an ecosystem.

Symbiosis Living together.

Commensalism A living relationship between two where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Commensal means sharing of food

Mutualism A living relationship where both benefit.

Parasitism A living relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed. Parasite: the one who benefits. The one who lives off the host. Flees, ticks, tape worms, mistletoe. Host: the one the parasite eats on.

Predation The predator feeds on the prey. Predator: the one who hunts and eats. Prey: the one who is hunted and is eaten.

Competition Organisms that compete for food, space, light, water, etc. Can be animals or plants. Any and all living organisms can be in competition. Hawks and bobcats compete for food in a prairie ecosystem. They hunt for snakes, rats, mice, etc.

Plants Knows the significance of plants in the environment.

Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to their environments.

Plants are made up of three major parts: � The roots that anchor it to the ground and supply the water and nutrients to the plant. � The stem that gives it structure, support, and is the pipes that carries the water and nutrients to the leaves. � The leaves, and flowers, that produce the food for the plant through photosynthesis, and attracts the bees for pollen so it can reproduce. Plants come in many kinds suited for their environment. Plants in deserts, rain forests, grasslands, mountains, in oceans, plants are very diverse and adapt to many locations. Plants have evolved to live in their environment.

Why we need plants. Plants are autotrophs; they make their own food so on the food pyramid they are producers. They make our food and are our food. They also take our exhaled CO 2 and use it to make food and breathe out O 2, the gas we need to breathe. They supply us with shelter and fuel so we can survive. They supply us with fibers to make clothes.