o ecology Haeckel E 1866 n o Ecology

一、「生態學」的定位(起源) o 第一個使用 ecology (Haeckel, E. , 1866)。 n o 名詞：Ecology n n n o Ecology as a part of physiology (生理學)。 字源取自 eco-nomics (household+management) eco-logy (the study of household) the economy of nautre (自然的經濟)。 內容： n n total relationships of the animal both to its inorganic and its organic environment. complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions for the struggle for existence. 生態學發展史 2

一、「生態學」的定位( by 1910 s) 1893 J. S. Burdon-Sanderson: President, British Ass. for Advancement of Science. n 將 Ecology 成為「生物學」中三大部之一。 o o ecology, physiology and morphology 生態學 => philosophy of living nature. 1900 s Clements & Cowles → plant ecology n 生態學 = 生理學 1910 s Adam (1917) & Elton (1927) → animal ecologists n o o n 生態學= new natural history (Adam, 1917) = scientific natural history (Elton, 1927) 生態學發展史 3

一、「生態學」的定位( by 1950 s) o 1949 Allee et al. principles of animal ecology n =>lack of knowledge of ecology among scholars and philosophers o o n 1. 由於內在的多元性 → 廣泛 distortion of 內容 2. 缺乏 historical studies Kuhn (1970) a developing scientific discipline ==> fusion of several separate trunks lacking a common initial rootstock. ┤ 生態學發展史 4

三、植物地理學 第一階段 (1800年初期) o o W. Koppen: Koppen's climate types. A. Kerner (1831 -1898) / 在 Hungary (匈 牙利) 政府支持下，描述 eastern Hungary and Transylvania 地區的植被。 n 著書: 「Plant life of the Danube Basin」 -- 不同海拔高度的植物, 作實驗性的移植。 ┤ 生態學發展史 14

三、植物地理學 第三階段 (1900年代初期) Ａ. 植物群落的研究 (美國) o H. C. Cowles: 研究植物 succession 的先驅 n o (1899) The ecological relations of the vegetation of the sand dunes of lake Michigan. F. E. Clements: 理論學家 n n (1898) The phytogeography of Nebraska. (with R. Pound) (1916) monograph on plant succession. (1929) Plant ecology. (with J. E. Weaver) (1939) Bio-ecology. (with V. E. Shelford) ┤ 生態學發展史 17

三、植物地理學 第三階段 (1900年代初期) Ｂ. 淡水水域 (歐州): o F. A. Forel (1892) limnology/物理環境 o A. Thienemann (1931) 淡水生物學家/ nutrient cycles/producer, consumer/ o V. V. Stanchinsky (1931) On the importance of biomass in the dynamic equilibrium of the biocoenose. →community energetics o G. F. Gause (1934) The struggle for existence. →predator-prey (實驗)/ 種間競爭┤ 生態學發展史 18

Ｂ. 淡水水域 (美國): S. A. Forbes (1887): The lake as a microcosm. -- 湖泊中生命的互動/ food chains/ 天擇 (U. Illinois) o E. Transeau (1926): The accumulation of energy in plants. --玉米生產學者, 光合作用/ primary production/ energy budgets. o E. A. Birge and C. Juday/ Wisconsin Nat. History Survey o C. Juday (1940): 「The annual energy budget of an inland lake」 o R. A. Lindeman (1942): 激發二次大戰後的生態体系 之研究。 「The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology」 ┤ o 生態學發展史 19

三、植物地理學 第四階段 (1950年以後) 美國: o G. E. Hutchinson (1957) 於研討會的總結 「族群研究: 動物生態和demography」 o H. T. Odum & E. P. Odum (1953) : 「Fundamentals of Ecology」 o J. T. Curtis (1959) The vegetation of Wisconsin. o F. H. Bormannn and G. E. Likens (1967): Nutrient cycling. ┤ 生態學發展史 20

三、植物地理學 第四階段 (1950年以後) 歐州: o J. Ovington (1962) o R. E. Rodin and N. I. Bazilevic (1967) o J. L. Harper (1977) The population biology of plants. → a new area of plant demography. ┤ 生態學發展史 21

三、植物地理學 第四階段 (1950年以後) 世界: o The International Biological Program (1964 -1974): The biological basis of productivity and human welfare. o energy flow and nutrient cycling in biomes. o The Society for Conservation Biology (1985) 成立發行Conservation Biology (1987 - ) ┤ 生態學發展史 22

自然歷史學 (Natural History) o o o (一) 早期 17 th and 18 th 世紀 ==> 自然現象的描述 J. Harris (1700 s) : Natural history is a description of any of the natural products of the Earth, water or air, such as beasts, birds, fishes, metals, minerals, fossils, together with such phenomena as at any time appear in the material world. ┤ 生態學發展史 23

自然歷史學 (Natural History) o late 18 th 世紀: quality vs. quantification n process vs. mechanism n concreteness vs. deductive abstract analysis n historical vs. ahistorical explanation. o 20 th 世紀: o W. F. Ganong (1904) → for a new method of experimental study and logical proof. o Natural history → 演化生物學 / 生物地理學 / 生態學┤ n 生態學發展史 24

自然歷史學 (Natural History) (二) 理論 理論基礎: o 1798 Malthus, Thomas: Essay on the principle of population. o 1859 Darwin, Charles: On the Origin of Species. o 18 XX G. Mendel: ┤ 生態學發展史 25

自然歷史學 (Natural History) 理論完成: o 1. ─→ Population Genetics n n o Sewell Wright (1931) R. A. Fisher (1930) J. Haldane (1932, 1954) 2. ─→ Malthus 的 concept n n P. F. Verhulst (1838) 以數學表示 A. Lotka and V. Volterra (1926) ┤ 生態學發展史 26

自然歷史學 (Natural History) 實驗: n G. F. Gause (1934) / protozoans n T. Park (1954) / flour beetles o o o → population biology → evolutionary ecology → theoretical mathematical ecology ┤ 生態學發展史 27

自然歷史學 (Natural History) (三) 動物的研究 (Animal studies) ( 歐州): o K. Mobius (1877) An ossyster bank is a biocenose. o R. Hesse (1924) Ecological Animal Geography. 1939 譯成英文 o C. Elton (1927) Animal Ecology. / 第一本動物生態學的書→動物的經濟學和 社會學的研究┤ 生態學發展史 28

自然歷史學 (三) 動物的研究 (美國): o o C. Adams (1913) A guide to the study of animals. V. Shelford (1913) Animal communities in North America. (三) 動物的研究 (當代): W. C. Allee, A. E. Emerson, T. Park, O. Park and K. P. o Schmidt (1949): 「Principles of animal ecology」. o Modern ecology: trophic structure, energy budgets, population dynamics, natural selection (evolution) ┤ o 生態學發展史 29

(四) 動物行為 (學派建立) o 3. 於 1900 s 早期, 動物行為學有四支 (1) 行為機制: perceptual and physiological n (2) 功能和演化: n (3) Konrad Lorenz: 基因 programmed 行為 n (4) Niko Tinbergen: causation, development, evolution, function n o o o K. V. Frish: bee communities and behavior 二次大戰後 → 行為生態學 → 社會生物學 (1975) E. O. Wilson ┤ 生態學發展史 31

(五) 生理生態學 (Physiological ecology) 1. J. Leibig (1840): limiting factor / limited supplies of nutrients in growth and development of plants. o 2. F. F. Blackman (1905): factors interaction / light, CO 2, 溫度, assimilation rate o 3. V. E. Shelford (1913): Animal communities in Temperate America. / Law of tolerance. L. J. Henderson (1913): The fitness of the environment. / Chemical ecology. ┤ o 生態學發展史 32

五、動物生態 vs. 植物生態 (二) 於美國： 2. 1940 s. 企圖聯合 o V. E. Shelford (動物)和F. E. Clements (植物) → 「Bio-Ecology」 (1939) o 但 Clements 仍認為: Plants determined the presence of animals and never vice versa. ┤ 生態學發展史 35

五、動物生態 vs. 植物生態 (二) 於美國： o 3. E. P. Odum (1964) → new ecology (1) ecoosystem theory of Tansley (1935) n (2) energetic 研究/ Transeau (1926) and Juday (1940) n (3) trophic-dynamic theory of Lindeman (1942) 植物和動物 /energy flow/nutrient cycling/food chains ┤ n 生態學發展史 36

六、應用生態學 1. 1930 s-60 s H. Stoddard (1932): The bobwhite quail. 使用「火」, 控制植物的演進(succession) o A. Leopold (1933): Game management. 生態原則/ 經營 o J. Kittredge (1948): Forest influence. o H. L. Lutz and R. F. Chandler (1954): Forest soils. o Rachel Carson (1962): Silent Spring. ┤ o 生態學發展史 37

六、應用生態學 1. 1980 s. Conservation Biology Soule (1986) → the science of scarcity and diversity. o Landscape Ecology Forman and Godron (1986) → how a heterogenous combination of ecosystems is o structured, functions, and changes. Restoration Ecology Jordal, et al. (1987) → experimental research to reproduction of ecosystems on highly disturbed lands. ┤ o 生態學發展史 38

七、大眾覺醒 (Public awakens) 3. 人和環境的研究，追溯至 1800年代。 o G. P. Marsh (1864): Man and Nature. o E. Haeckel (1900): The Riddle of the universe. (1905): The wonders of Life. /back-to-the-land movement /有機農業/土壤和森林保育 o J. Ritchie (1920): The influence of man on animal life in Scotland. ┤ 生態學發展史 40

七、大眾覺醒 (Public awakens) P. B. Sears (1935): Deserts on the march. o W. Vogt (1948): Road to survival. o F. Osburn (1948): Our plundered (掠奪的) planet. o W. L. Thomas (1956): Man's role in changing the face of the Earth. Proceedings of symposium. o Rachel Carson (1962): Silent Spring. o P. R. Ehrlich (1968): The population Bomb. o G. Hardin (1968): The tragedy of the commons. o o I. L. Mc. Harg (1969): Design with Nature. ┤ 生態學發展史 41

七、大眾覺醒 (Public awakens) P. Shepard and D. Mc. Kinley (1969): The subversive Scinece. o E. Callenbach (1970): Ecotopia. o D. H. Meadows, D. L. Meadows, J. Randers, and o W. W. Berhens III (1972): The limits to growth. o IUCN (1980): World Conservation Strategy. o Council on Environmental Quality (1980): Global 2000 ┤ o 生態學發展史 42

IBOY 2001 -2002 網路資源的網址如下： · IBOY的網址： http: //www. nrel. colostate. edu/IBOY · DIVERSITAS 的網址： http: //www. icsu. org/DIVERSITAS · Species 2000 的網址： http: //www. sp 2000. org · 最近滅絕物種委員會的網址： http: //creo. amnh. org · 樹木生活計畫 的網址： http: //phylogeny. arizona. edu/tree · 兩生類網站 的網址： http: //elib. cs. berkeley. edu/aw ┤ 生態學發展史 44

九、現代生態學 o o o 1. 生物: Bird Ecology, Lizard Ecology, Plant Ecology, Fish Ecology, . . 2. 演化: Population Genetics, Evolutionary Ecology 3. 理論: Theoretical Ecology, System Ecology, Ecosystem Ecology, Physiological Ecology, Behavioral Ecology, . . . 4. 環境: Environmental Conservation, Conservation Biology, Landscape Ecology, Geographical Ecology 5. 社會: Social Ecology, Human Ecology, Ecological Impact Assessment, . . . ┤ 生態學發展史 48

生態學發展史 (一) o o o o o 1970 s Conservation + Landscape + Restoration(復育) 1960 s Ecology 才逐漸被認為是重要的「科學」。 1950 s 各自發展屬於自己領域的「人類生態學」。 1940 s Social ecology + Cultural ecology 1930 s 1920 s 生態學的理論基礎 1910 s Animal Ecology + Human Ecology 1900 s Ecology 成為「生物學」中三大部之一。 1866 Haeckel, Ernst : 第一個使用 Ecology 生態學發展史 50

生態學發展史 (二) o o o 2000 s Business Ecology + Information Ecology + Knowledge Ecology + 大學系所(doctoral degree) 1990 s Journal of Industrial Ecology + Ecoefficiency (生態效率) 1980 s Eco-Industrial park + Deep Ecology + Spiritual Ecology + Radical ecology + Ecoethics 1970 s Industrial Ecology + Conservation + Landscape + Restoration + EIA (生態環境影響評估 ) 1960 s Ecology 才逐漸被認為是重要的「科學」。 生態學發展史 51

o 多元途徑： n n n n n 人類生態學 (Human Ecology) 生態經濟學 (Ecological Economics) 業生態學 (Industrial ecology) 事業生態學 (Business Ecology) 資訊生態學 (Information Ecology) 藍海策略 (Blue ocean strategy) 美學的經濟 (the economy of Aesthetics) 生物模擬 (仿生學) (Biomimicry) 自然之道 (The Natural Step) 生態學發展史 52

問題與討論 Ayo 台南站： http: //myweb. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng/ E-mail：Japalura@hotmail. com 生態學發展史 53