Nyerere and Tanzania BY BRIA ROBERTSON TAYLOR ROGHAIR

Nyerere and Tanzania BY: BRIA ROBERTSON TAYLOR ROGHAIR JIN MEI MCMAHON AUDRIANNA STUART ANNIKA ROBERTS LIZBETH BRAVO

Move to Independence: The Elections Richard Turnbull Like a sir. -1958: Elections were held -TANU had an overwhelming victory, winning all 15 seats in LEGCO -They showed the British that Tanganyikans wanted Africans in power -Sir Richard Turnbull took over for Twining and supported Nyerere and TANU in their push to independence.

Move to Independence: Post-Election � -1960: Further elections were held, TANU won easily. -1961: Tanganyika granted full independence, with Nyerere as Prime Minister. -TANU and African National Congress (ANC) were two Nationalist parties. TANU had more influence. -The transition that took place from dependence to independence was perhaps one of the most peaceful, and happened entirely through honest politics. “Uhuru na Kazi, " or "Freedom and Work" Prime Minister Julius Nyerere

Sources: �Pearson Text: 190 -191 �English to Swahili Translator- http: //imtranslator. net/translation/english/toswahili/translation/

Foreign Policy (1961 -85) � Objectives: Ensure national security through diplomatic means. Goal = a more unified eastern Africa � Treaty for East African Cooperation (1967). � Fell apart because of disagreements of Nyerere and Kenya. � Support liberation movements in Africa and work towards African unity. Targeted racist regimes (Southern Rhodesia, Mozambique). � Formed alliance of Front Line States to support liberation movements. � Supported liberation groups from socialist nations, made the west nervous � Promote the policy of non alignment through the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Helped found the OAU with the goals of: Unifying Africa, eradicating colonialism, improving the quality of life for all Africans, and defending independence of African states. � Focused on these goals by adopting the policy of non-alignment (see cold war positioning). � Source: Pearson text p. 197 -198

POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF TANGANYIKA

WESTMINSTER CONSTITUTIONAL MODEL � The model Tanganyika first based their government on. � This model focuses around a democratic, parliamentary system (like the UK) where executive power is rooted in Parliament/Cabinet. � Used by most Commonwealth Nations post-independence. (British Commonwealth = group of nations aligned with the Crown, includes former colonies that are now sovereign states. ) � Nyerere served as Prime Minister until January 1962, when he resigned.

RESTRUCTURING OF GOVERNMENT �Nyerere decided the Westminster model was not the best for Tanganyika. �He believed in African socialism (“Ujamaa, ” focus on the extended family), not Western capitalism. �True democracy could occur through a single-party state where representatives are elected fairly by the people. �December 1962: A new constitution was introduced, making Tanganyika a republic.

NYERERE IN THE NEW REPUBLIC �The role of Prime Minister was replaced by a President, and… �… in December 1962, Nyerere was elected the new President, winning 97% of the vote. He continued advocating African socialism and criticizing capitalism. SOURCES Pearson History Text, pages 193 -194 Riverside Community College (Political Science) Wikipedia

The Single Party State -TANGANYIKA TURNED INTO A ONE PARTY STATE ON 14 TH OF JANUARY, 1963 BY NYERERE. -CENTRIFUGAL TENDENCIES TEND TO BE DANGEROUS IN THESE AREAS. -Tanzania was divided into 26 regions -21 on mainland -3 on Zanzibar -2 on Pemba -Minimum voting age was 21 -President had the power of Governor General, first Prime Minister, Head of State as well as commander in chief. Sources: Pearson Text pg. 196 & Wikipedia

1965 Constitution �Interim Constitution of 1964 Merged Zanzibar and Tanzania into “ United Republic of Tanzania. ” Based off of constitution of ’ 62 with changes added in agreements with TANU (Tanzania’s Single Party & Afro-Shirazi Party(ASP) of Zanzibar). Republican constitution of ‘ 62 gave president lots of power. • Changes of 1965: • Constitution identified 2 single parties TANU for the Union & ASP for Zanzibar. • Used to further strengthen single-party. Sources: Wikipedia

Cold War Positioning � Tanzania has traditionally maintained a non-aligned during the Cold War. � Tanzania began to explore the possibility of moving closer to other socialist states while still keeping their policy of nonalignment. � Tanzania becomes more economically dependent on PRC (Peoples Republic of China). � 1967= Tanzania globally recognized as non-aligned. Pearson text: pages 198 -199

Cold War Positioning Cont. � 1971= Relations between Uganda and Tanzania begin to deteriorate with the overthrow of Milton Obote by Idi Amin. � 1978= Ugandan forces attack province of Kagera; war between Uganda and Tanzania begins. � Nyerere appeals to OAC; OAC does not take any action. � Nyerere orders Ugandan army to attack Uganda. � 1979= Occupation of Kampala leads to the defeat of Uganda and the end of Idi Amin’s government. � Nyerere appoints himself leader of Uganda. � The cost of the war had an impact on Tanzania when they were trying to implement Nyerere’s socialist reforms.