NURSING ROLE IN HEPATITIS A B C MANAGEMENT

NURSING ROLE IN HEPATITIS A, B, C MANAGEMENT

HEPATıTıS A

Hepatitis A is a liver disease. Hepatitis makes your liver sweell and stop it from working right.

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.

WHAT CAUSES HEPATITıS A? Hepatitis A is a type of hepatitis that results from infection by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).

WHAT CAUSES HEPATITıS A? Hepatitis A is spread bu close personel contact with someone else who has the infection. You could also get hepatititis A by eating food that has been prepared by someone with hepatitis A or drinking water taht has been contaminated by hepatitis conditions. ) (in parts hygiene and sanitary

WHO CAN GET HEPATITITS A? Anyone can get hepatittis A, but some people are more likely to than others: People who live with someone has hepatitis A Children who go to daycare People who work in a daycare center Men who have sex with men People who travel to other countries where hepatitis A is common.

The incubation period of hepatitis A is usually 14– 28 days. Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of disease and fatal outcomes are higher in older age groups. Infected children under 6 years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice.

Among older children and adults, infection usually causes more severe symptoms, with jaundice occurring in more than 70% of cases. Hepatitis A sometimes relapses. The person who just recovered falls sick again with another acute episode. This is, however, followed by recovery.

SYMPTOMS Feel tired Feel sick to your stomach Sudden nausea and vomiting Have fever Not want to eat Have stomach pain Have diarrhea Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the upper right side beneath your lower ribs (by your liver) Clay-colored bowel movements Loss of appetite Dark yellow urine Joint pain Yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice) Intense itching

Someone people don’t have any symptoms.

TRANSMISSION

RİSK GROUPS Anyone who has not been vaccinated or previously infected can get infected with hepatitis A virus. In areas where the virus is widespread (high endemicity), most hepatitis A infections occur during early childhood. Risk factors in intermediate and high endemicity areas include: poor sanitation; lack of safe water; use of recreational drugs; living in a household with an infected person; being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection; and

RİSK GROUPS In areas where the virus is widespread (high endemicity), most hepatitis A infections occur during early childhood. lack of safe water; poor sanitation Anyone who has not been vaccinated or previously infected can get infected with hepatitis A virus. use of recreational drugs; living in a household with an infected person; being a sexual partner of someone with acute hepatitis A infection; and travelling to areas of high endemicity without being immunized.

DİAGNOSİS Cases of hepatitis A are not clinically distinguishable from other types of acute viral hepatitis. Specific diagnosis is made by the detection of HAV-specific Immunoglobulin G (Ig. M) antibodies in the blood. Additional tests include reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the hepatitis A virus RNA, and may require specialised laboratory facilities.

TREATMENT There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Because it’s a short-term viral infection that goes away on its own, treatment is typically focused on reducing your symptoms. After a few weeks of rest, the symptoms of hepatitis A usually begin to improve. To ease your symptoms, you should: avoid alcohol maintain a healthy diet drink plenty of water

IS THERE ANY WAY TO PREVENT HEPATITISA?

PREVENTION The first way to avoid getting hepatitis A is by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. This vaccine is given in a series of two injections, 6 to 12 months apart. Hepatitis A vaccine is not licensed for children younger than 1 year of age.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a hepatitis A vaccine for the following people: People with other risk factors who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common People who use any type of illegal drugs, not just injected ones Men who have sex with men Laboratory workers who may come in contact with hepatitis A All children at age 1, or older children who didn't receive the childhood vaccine People who receive treatment with clotting-factor concentrates People with chronic liver disease

The spread of hepatitis A can be reduced by: • adequate supplies of safe drinking water • proper disposal of sewage within communities • personal hygiene practices such as regular hand-washing with safe water

HEPATıTıS B

Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For some people, hepatitis B infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months.

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.

SYMPTOMS Signs and symptoms of hepatitis B range from mild to severe. They usually appear about one to four months after you've been infected, although you could see them as early as two weeks post-infection.

SYMPTOMS Hepatitis B signs and symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Dark urine Fever Joint pain Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Weakness and fatigue Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)

CAUSES Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.

The hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body for at least 7 days. During this time, the virus can still cause infection if it enters the body of a person who is not protected by the vaccine. The incubation period of the hepatitis B virus is 75 days on average, but can vary from 30 to 180 days.

TRANSMISSION Perinatal transmission Sexual transmission Horizontal transmission Parenteral transmission

Parenteral transmission needles and syringes either in health-care settings or among persons who inject drugs. medical, surgical and dental procedures tattooing through the use of razors and similar objects that are contaminated with infected blood.

Horizontal tranmission percutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected blood and various body fluids, saliva, menstrual, vaginal, and seminal fluids

Sexual transmission Unprotected sex with someone who is infected. The virus can pass to person if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter the body.

Perinatal transmission Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. However, the newborn can be vaccinated to avoid getting infected in almost all cases.

RISK GROUPS Have unprotected sex with multiple sex partners or with someone who's infected with HBV Share needles during IV drug use Are a man who has sex with other men Live with someone who has a chronic HBV infection Are an infant born to an infected mother Have a job that exposes you to human blood Travel to regions with high infection rates of HBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe

DIAGNOSIS Several blood tests can detect signs of HBV even before symptoms develop. These tests measure liver function and identify HBV antigents or antibodies in the blood.

TREATMENT There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Therefore, care is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.

TREATMENT Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated with medicines, including oral antiviral agents. Treatment can slow the progression of cirrhosis, reduce incidence of liver cancer and improve long term survival.

COMPLICATIONS Having a chronic HBV infection can lead to serious complications, such as: Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) Liver cancer Liver failure Other conditions. (People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels. )

PREVENTION The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as three or four injections over six months. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.

The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for: Newborns Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth Those who work or live in a center for people who are developmentally disabled People who live with someone who has hepatitis B Health care workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, including HIV Men who have sex with men People who have multiple sexual partners Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B People who inject illegal drugs or share needles and syringes People with chronic liver disease People with end-stage kidney disease Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a high hepatitis B infection rate

HEPATıTıS C

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation, sometimes leading to serious liver damage. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by contact with the blood of an infected person. A significant number of those who are chronically infected will develop cirrhosis or liver cancer.

SYMPTOMS The incubation period for hepatitis C is 2 weeks to 6 months. Chronic hepatitis C is usually a "silent" infection for many years, until the virus damages the liver enough to cause the signs and symptoms of liver disease. Among these signs and symptoms are:

SYMPTOMS Bleeding easily Fluid buildup in your abdomen (ascites) Bruising easily Swelling in your legs Fatigue Weight loss Poor appetite Confusion, Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes (jaundice) Dark-colored urine Itchy skin drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy) Spider-like blood vessels on your skin (spider angiomas)

CAUSES Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus. The infection spreads when blood contaminated with the virus enters the bloodstream of an uninfected person.

TRANSMISSION The hepatitis C virus is a bloodborne virus. It is most commonly transmitted through: injecting drug use through the sharing of injection equipment inadequate sterilization of medical equipment, especially syringes and needles in healthcare settings the transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products.

RISK GROUPS Populations at increased risk of HCV infection include: people who inject drugs people who use intranasal drugs recipients of infected blood products or invasive procedures in healthcare facilities with inadequate infection control practices children born to mothers infected with HCV people with sexual partners who are HCV-infected people with HIV infection prisoners or previously incarcerated persons people who have had tattoos or piercings

DIAGNOSIS Screening for anti-HCV antibodies with a serological test identifies people who have been infected with the virus.

TREATMENT There is not a recommended treatment for acute hepatitis C. People with acute hepatitis C virus infection should be followed by a doctor and only considered for treatment if their infection remains and becomes a chronic infection. There are several medications available to treat chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis C treatments have gotten much better in recent years.

PREVENTION There is no vaccine avaible to prevent to hepatitis C. hand hygiene safe and appropriate use of health care injections safe handling and disposal of sharps and waste provision of comprehensive harm-reduction services to people who inject drugs including sterile injecting equipment testing of donated blood for hepatitis B and C (as well as HIV and syphilis) training of health personnel promotion of correct and consistent use of condoms

COMPLICATIONS Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) Liver cancer Liver failure