Nursery facilities NURSERY PRODUCTION Warm up What types

Nursery facilities NURSERY PRODUCTION

Warm up What types of food and food products are produced here? What is this place considered?

Essential Question How are nurseries classified?

Nurseries Over Time 1 st started in the US 1644 Mass. Fruit tree industry Early 17 and 1800 s Orchardists: nursery worker who deals with fruit trees Prince Nursery: 1757 Sold trees to his neighbors Started commercial production produce for a specific market.

Nurseries start to grow Jackson and Perkins 1864: specializing in small fruits 1879: small roses Nurseries in Midwest have ties to big cities (New York) 1890: 4500 nurseries over 173, 000 acres 2/3 are small and supply local markets

Nurseries experience change and still grow! 1912; National Plant Quarantine Act Prohibited importation of certain plants Parcel Post Allowed for sending packages, starting mail order catalogs 1974 CA is the largest producer Today: $5 billion annually CA, FL, VA, OR top producers

Changes in the Industry Today Increased efficiency through Production: 1950 s drip irrigation is introd, 1960 s fertilizer injectors invented, 1970 trickle irrigation for fields Facilities: more energy efficient and environmentally sound building materials

Changes in the Industry Today Materials: New plant varieties, more designer plants patented, better fertilizers and chemicals Market More rapid delivery, computers, Internet, Martha Stewart, Rising interest in gardening

Categories of Nurseries Based on Types of Sales 1. Retail nurseries sell products to the homeowner/general public. 2. Wholesale nurseries sell to a retail or broker nursery. This is the most rapidly growing segment of the nursery industry. 3. Mail order nurseries sell their product through the mail system using catalogs to market their product. May be wholesale or retail. 4. Broker or re-wholesaler is a nursery that functions as a middleman to connect buyers with specific plant material. They sell their product at wholesale level prices.

Categories of Nurseries By job description 1. Landscape nurseries specialize in selling and often installing landscaping plant materials. 2. Nursery only nurseries only sell landscape plant material. 3. Garden center nurseries sell their product retail. Have an expanded product line including garden tools, seeds, fertilizers, craft items, and other horticultural products.

Categories of Nurseries By product produced 1. Field grown —specifically trees, shrubs, or other landscape plants grown in a field to a saleable size. 2. Containerized—plants grown in containers to a saleable size. 3. Both containerized and field grown. 4. Specialty crop—examples might include aquatic plants, turf, marsh plants, etc.

Categories of Nurseries By Crop produced Fruit Ornamental Roses, Shade and flowering plants, Shrubs, groundcovers Forest and conservation Reforestation, conservation efforts Linear plants Grown for propagation/production of new plants

Activity Vocabulary activity Each group represent in a poster drawing a category of nursery production. Use only pictures to represent.

Warm Up What do you think could have happened to this tree?

Essential Question What are common costs in Nurseries?

Specialty Nurseries Research Quarantine: Hold plant material from outside the US Re-wholesale Non-for-profit Educational- high schools, colleges, etc Governmental

Costs in Nursery Industry Land Cost: largest most important business purchase Labor—This is the business workforce paid, hourly, salaried, commission or piece rate. Transportation and market: can determine the success or failure of a market Utilities availability, cost, type Competition: anyone competing for your companies $

Environmental effects on Nurseries Environment: effects the growth of plant Temperature: regulated by wind, solar radiation, humidity Maximum(highest), Minimum(lowest), Average Hardiness: plant’s ability to withstand cold temps Moisture: water in the form of rainfall or irrigation Maintains turgid in plants

Environmental effects continued… Moisture continued Distribution: heavy rainfall= leaching, slower plant growth, increase in pathogens. Quality: p. H levels, fertility, chemicals Quantity: How much? When? Wind Evaporation: liquid to gas Erosion: surface material transported elsewhere

Environmental effects continued… Soil type and topography Drainage: removal of excess water p. H Holding capacity: water and air the soil can hold for a certain time Air quality Plant pests Natural light

Nursery Tools and Types Production: bring plant to sellable size Shade houses: protect plants from wind, temperature extremes, rain, hail, and sun. Made of wood lath or shade cloth. Overwintering houses: keeping plants above ground over winter Cold storage: cold storage for crops Shipping and Receiving Head house Storage areas Business offices

Nursery Tools and types Propagation: production of new plants Cold frame: wooden or concrete block frame with a glass or polyethylene cover that is heated by the sun. germinating seeds, rooting cuttings, overwintering plants Hot frame: similar to a cold frame but has additional heat supplied by electric cables or hot water pipes. germinating seeds, rooting cuttings or overwintering more temperate plants.

Hardiness Zone Used by nursery operators to productively grow plants Zone Map ID 11 zones in the US by average minimum temps Produced by USDA, always updated Importance Young plants & container plants are more sensitive to temps Helps with plant selection Your zone will determine what plants you grow and precautions you need to take

Hardiness Zone Map

Vocabulary Head house Hotbed Liner plant Broker or re-wholesaler Cold frame Cold storage Commercial production Competition Containerized Drainage Erosion Evaporation Field grown Garden center nurseries Hardiness Mail order nurseries Mass-marketers Moisture Orchardist Over wintering Quarantine Retail nurseries Shade houses Turgid Wholesale nurseries

Activities Review Quiz 1 Vocabulary?

Producing Nursery Crops NURSERY PRODUCTION

Warm Up Which of these are produced in a nursery?

Essential Question What are the proper nursery field practices?

Lining Out Definition: the process of transplanting seedlings or cuttings into the field to grow to a saleable size. Transplanting: moving plants from one location to another Linear stock/ Linear plant: refers to plants that are lined out

Linear Plants/ Linear Stock Stem cuttings: Hardwood: deciduous and evergreen Semi- hardwood Herbaceous Leaf cuttings Leaf-bud cuttings Root-cuttings Seedlings

Seedlings: Review Treated prior to planting Scarification: breaking or softening the seed coat to allow the absorption of moisture Stratification: chilling the seeds before germination

Lining out Methods Prepare land before transplanting grading, rototilling, soil testing, pre-plant fertilization Check for disease or damage Set at proper depth Pack soil around the transplant Water transplants immediately Fertilizer when appropriate

Proper Nursery Practices Watering Very important, 80% of plant is water, cooling, plant growth Need of water influenced by: Weather, wind, soil, time of year, and plant Irrigation: watering artificially Fertilizing Prior to planting liners Test soil p. H 6. 5 -7. 5

Proper Nursery Practices continued… Staking: attaching an upright support to the tree Pruning Correct structural weakness, shape young trees Leader: main growing point and the tip end of the trunk, supports the canopy of the tree Prune deciduous trees in winter

Proper Nursery Practices … Root-Pruning: Done year before plant is harvested U shaped blade cuts roots Helps plant grow, without an extensive root system (easy to transplant) Weed control Seedling and liner production Pre-plant—soil pasteurization, soil fumigation, pre-emergent herbicides. Post-plant—herbicides in spring, summer, and fall.

Proper Nursery practices Weed Control Container production Pre-plant—soil pasteurization, soil fumigation, pre-emergent herbicides. Post-plant—herbicides in spring, summer, and fall. Field production Summer annual weeds—pre-emergent herbicide. Perennial weeds—fall application of herbicide.

Nursery Schedules Activity Groups will be given a type of plant produced in a nursery setting Represent the paragraph in photographs Each paragraph is describing a schedule for caring of nursery plants

Warm Up What do all these have in common?

Essential Question What are common nursery pests?

Common Pests can become a LARGE problem quickly Insects Weeds Disease

Common Pests- Animals Rabbits Damage: chew bark, eat shoots Control: enclosures, repellents, Favorite Plants: fruit trees, crab apples, flowering dogwood, and sweet gum Deer Damage: trample small plants, eat soft new growth Control : diversion feeders, repellents Favorite: arborvitae plants, birches

Common Pests Mice Damage: Girdle plants, dig holes chew the bark at the base of the plant disrupting moisture and energy flow Control: removal of habitat (weeds etc) Favorites: birches, arborvitae Humans Damage: physical and mechanical damage Control: EDUCATION!!! Favorite Plants: unable to determine

Common Pests: Winter Injury Usually aesthetic and minor Damage: broken branches, frozen apical growth/buds, lower bark damage, frost cracks (prone to thin barked trees) and frost heaving Control: proper plant selection, wind breaks, anti-desiccants Chemicals sprayed on the plant to conserve moisture Favorite Plants: evergreens or containerized plants

Nursery Tools Hand tools Spade- harvests plant material Shovel- removal of soil, mulch, etc Hand pruners- for small jobs Small pruning saw- large to medium branches Caliper- measures tree trunk diameter

Nursery Tools Mechanical Computers Planters Tree diggers Lifting and loading Packaging and potting

Activities Make an instructional/education brochure about common pests Include what the pest is, the damage and what it looks like, control methods and how to implement them, favorite plants of the pests Review Quiz 2

Vocabulary Diversion feeding stations Girdling Irrigation Leader Liner stock or liner plants Lining out Repellents Scarification Soil p. H Stratification Transplanting

Packaging Nursery Products NURSERY PRODUCTION

Warm Up Why are these easy and safe to transport?

Essential Question What are the 3 types of packaging?

Types of Packaging A. Bare root involves harvesting trees without taking soil from the field. B. Balled and burlapped harvesting plants with a soil ball around the roots. This is usually covered with burlap. C. Containerized plants that are grown and then sold while in containers. The containers may be made of peat, clay, or plastic.

Bare Root!

Balled and Burlapped

Ball and Burlap- Guidelines 1. This procedure can be done at any time of the growing season, but is most successful in the spring and fall. 2. Most of the tree’s feeder roots are in the top 12– 15 inches of topsoil, and that up to 60 percent of the feeder roots can extend beyond the tree’s drip line. 3. B&B plants may lose up to 95 percent of feeder roots during transplanting.

Ball and Burlap- Guidelines 4. The materials needed for B&B are a spade, twine, burlap, nursery pinning nails, a caliper, and a pair of hand pruners or a knife. 5. B&B may also be done with a mechanical digger. Requires employee training

Containerized

Bare Root Advantages a. Harvested plants are lightweight. b. Shipping is more economical. c. Initially less expensive to produce. d. Can be dug in dormant seasons. Disadvantages a. Can only be used with smaller stock. b. Limited digging/transplanting time. c. Special storage facilities needed. d. Only successful with certain plants. e. Possible decay in storage. f. Only used with deciduous plants.

B&B Disadvantages Advantages b. Soil conditions can limit work. a. Can be dug and held for a period of time. b. Digging and transplanting season can be extended. c. Better for difficult to transplant species. d. Larger plants can be harvested. a. May need specialized equipment. c. Soil balls are heavy and large. d. Product is hard to move. e. Shipping is expensive. f. More skilled labor is needed. g. Long production cycle (2– 10 years).

Containerized Advantages Disadvantages a. Rapid production cycle. a. Can only be used with smaller stock. b. Faster turnover of invested capital. c. Plants are more uniform. d. Reduced shipping weight. e. No need for land rotation. f. Greater number of plants in a smaller area. g. Less handling damage. b. Soil dries out quickly. c. Susceptible to cold/winter damage. d. Plants can become pot bound. e. Growing media must be provided f. Susceptible to blowing over. g. More irrigation needed.

Activity- Writing Assignment Choose 1 type of packaging previously discussed. Write 20 sentences 1. Describe why you chose this type of packaging. 2. Describe why you WOULD NOT choose the 2 other types of packaging. Use the advantages and disadvantages listed in your notes.

Storing Nursery Stock A. Common or air-cooled storage—These are insulated underground or frame structures where air is pulled through to cool the plants, but the air is not cooled mechanically. B. Cold/refrigerated storage—These are separate buildings or large rooms that are mechanically kept at 27– 29°F or 32– 40°F, depending upon the stored materials. Plant tissue must be mature before storing, this usually occurs after the first major fall frost. Leaves are removed before storage.

Defoliation The mechanical, chemical, or cultural removal of leaves. Done before storage Methods 1. Chemical – leaves fall off after being sprayed 2. Mechanical beaters- plant fed into a machine that removes leaves 3. Gas Chambers- airtight chambers filled ethylene gas cause leaves to drop 4. Sweating – plants loosely bundled, heat builds causing leaves to fall off

Storage Guidelines 1. In the initial handling after plants have been harvested, they are immediately graded and sorted, and then either stored or merchandised. 2. Labeled and graded by size. Small sized 3. When storing, plants are usually stacked on wooden pallets in ricks (stalls) laid horizontally, with their roots to the aisles.

Storage Problems Drying of Roots Mold development

Measuring Trees Caliper: tool shaped like a pair of tweezers Standard way to measure trees in the industry

Activity Represent in a cartoon strip the directions for ball and burlapping trees No words!

Vocabulary Balled and burlapped Bare root Caliper Cold/refrigerated storage Common or air-cooled storage Containerized Defoliation Gas chambers Mechanical beaters Sweating

Activity Review Quiz 3

Nursery Business NURSERY PRODUCTION

Warm Up In this photo, what ways is money being used or gained?

Essential Question What are some of the jobs a nursery worker might perform?

Common Characteristics Of Nursery Jobs 1. Most of the work is done outside. 2. Sometimes seasonal busy seasons are spring and fall. 3. Ways to gain training for this job. a. Junior college or trade school b. Four year college or university c. On the job training

Common Nursery Job Tasks 1. Plant propagation 2. Soil preparation 3. Potting/transplanting 4. Watering and fertilizing 5. Pest control 6. Pruning 7. Harvesting and storing 8. Grading 9. Packaging and shipping

Nursery Occupations President/owner—Responsible for all aspects of the business. B. Vice-president—This person or people make decisions about the operation of the nursery— including personnel, facilities, finances, etc. They are usually in charge of marketing, production, or management.

Nursery Occupations . Supervisor—This is the plant production decision maker. Supervisors may specialize in propagation, pest control, equipment, pruning, sales, planting, harvesting, or shipping.

Nursery Occupations D. Assistant supervisors—They may be responsible for a specific job, crop, or nursery area. report to a supervisor. E. Crew leaders—They are usually in charge of a group of workers and/or a specific crop. responsible for the training of the crew. F. Crew members—Entry level positions —These workers work directly with production of plants.

Nursery Business Records Inventory of stock Usually this is taken annually, and verified through sales and dump records. It can also be used for tax and ordering purposes. B. Sales, shipping, and delivery receipts These records keep track of where the money goes and comes from. They are usually referred to as invoices.

Nursery Business Records Local, Federal and State Business forms 1. Payroll records—Tax forms, W 2’s, work permits, and employment records. 2. Licenses—Pesticide certification, vehicle registration, and business. 3. Insurance—Workmen’s compensation, liability, and premium payments. 4. OSHA information and regulation dealing with worker safety.

Nursery Business Records Pesticide records—This includes an inventory of chemicals and material safety data sheets, quarantine, nursery inspection, and training program records.

Nursery Advertising Goals of advertising 1. Sell products 2. Get customers into the store 3. Introduce new products 4. Create an interest or demand for a product 5. Create public awareness of a product or company

Elements of Advertising—Advertising is describing a product in order to entice the customer to buy it. Advertising can be a large cost in running a nursery business, but its importance cannot be overlooked. Money spent on effective advertising is money well spent. This can be considered “educating” the consumer.

Elements of Advertising Marketing—Marketing means all functions involved in the buying or selling of goods or services. 3. Merchandising—Merchandising is planning, advertising, and other activities involved in promoting the sale of a product. 4. Image—This is the impression your business gives to consumers. It can be good, bad, or indifferent. Advertising and marketing should strive to make it a good image.

Types of Advertising Print and visual—These ads are available in our society’s media venues. Magazine ads, newspapers, flyers, brochures, billboards, direct mail, in store ads, bumper stickers, plant tags, etc. Radio, T. V. , and Internet ads are popular forms of electronic advertising.

Types of Advertising Business materials—These ads have a main goal of getting the name of the company out to the customer, but they may also be used to advertise a product. Signs in front of the store, business cards, yellow page ads, Internet web sites, employee uniforms, signs on equipment, etc.

Vocabulary Advertising Crew leader Crew members Invoices Marketing Merchandising Supervisor

Activities Design a Nursery Advertisement Review Quiz 4