NURS 1400 Unit VI Common Childhood Illnesses Metro
![NURS 1400 Unit VI Common Childhood Illnesses Metro Community College Nursing Program Nancy Pares, NURS 1400 Unit VI Common Childhood Illnesses Metro Community College Nursing Program Nancy Pares,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-1.jpg)
![Integumentary system • Tinea Corporis – Fungal infection; “body ringworm” – Occurs in non Integumentary system • Tinea Corporis – Fungal infection; “body ringworm” – Occurs in non](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-2.jpg)
![Tinea Corporis • Clinical manifestations – Annular, expanding lesion – Raised erythematous border – Tinea Corporis • Clinical manifestations – Annular, expanding lesion – Raised erythematous border –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-3.jpg)
![Infestations • Pediculosis: Head lice – Ectoparasites: live on the surface – Most common Infestations • Pediculosis: Head lice – Ectoparasites: live on the surface – Most common](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-4.jpg)
![pediculosis • Pathophysiology – Head to head contact: hats, combs, bedding – Lice crawl-do pediculosis • Pathophysiology – Head to head contact: hats, combs, bedding – Lice crawl-do](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-5.jpg)
![pediculosis • Clinical manifestations: itching • Diagnosis: identification of nits on scalp • Treatment: pediculosis • Clinical manifestations: itching • Diagnosis: identification of nits on scalp • Treatment:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-6.jpg)
![Pediculosis • Nursing Management – Assessment: careful handwashing; done with hair wet; examine known Pediculosis • Nursing Management – Assessment: careful handwashing; done with hair wet; examine known](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-7.jpg)
![Scabies • Ectoparasite; significant world wide • Occurs at any age, most common <2 Scabies • Ectoparasite; significant world wide • Occurs at any age, most common <2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-8.jpg)
![Scabies • Clinical manifestations – Inflammatory response, generalized pruritus which increases at night – Scabies • Clinical manifestations – Inflammatory response, generalized pruritus which increases at night –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-9.jpg)
![Scabies • Nursing management – Promotion of comfort – Prevention of secondary infections – Scabies • Nursing management – Promotion of comfort – Prevention of secondary infections –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-10.jpg)
![Inflammatory disorders Acne Vulgaris • Predominately adolescent skin disease • Chronic condition; 85% of Inflammatory disorders Acne Vulgaris • Predominately adolescent skin disease • Chronic condition; 85% of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-11.jpg)
![Acne vulgaris • Diagnosis: age and appearance of lesions • Treatment: – Individualized – Acne vulgaris • Diagnosis: age and appearance of lesions • Treatment: – Individualized –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-12.jpg)
![Acne vulgaris • Nursing management – Reduction of severity, supportive care, information about diet, Acne vulgaris • Nursing management – Reduction of severity, supportive care, information about diet,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-13.jpg)
![Hearing and Visual disorders • Hearing impairment – See page 1023 table – Congenital Hearing and Visual disorders • Hearing impairment – See page 1023 table – Congenital](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-14.jpg)
![Hearing loss • Diagnosis – Newborn screening – BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) • Hearing loss • Diagnosis – Newborn screening – BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-15.jpg)
![Hearing loss • Nursing management – Assessment – Nursing diagnosis • Disturbed sensory perception Hearing loss • Nursing management – Assessment – Nursing diagnosis • Disturbed sensory perception](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-16.jpg)
![Visual impairment • Binocularity: fixation of 2 ocular images, occurs at 6 months • Visual impairment • Binocularity: fixation of 2 ocular images, occurs at 6 months •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-17.jpg)
![Visual impairment • Manifestations based on age: pg 1033 table • Diagnosis: Snellen chart; Visual impairment • Manifestations based on age: pg 1033 table • Diagnosis: Snellen chart;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-18.jpg)
![Impairment of muscular efficiency • Strabismus – Condition where the visual lines of each Impairment of muscular efficiency • Strabismus – Condition where the visual lines of each](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-19.jpg)
![strabismus • Treatment – Medical: • Occlusion dressing (eye patch), glasses, pharmacologic – Surgical strabismus • Treatment – Medical: • Occlusion dressing (eye patch), glasses, pharmacologic – Surgical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-20.jpg)
![strabismus • Nursing management – Early identification • Nursing diagnosis – Delayed growth and strabismus • Nursing management – Early identification • Nursing diagnosis – Delayed growth and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-21.jpg)
![Amblyopia (Lazy eye) • A reduction or loss of vision in one eye unrelated Amblyopia (Lazy eye) • A reduction or loss of vision in one eye unrelated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-22.jpg)
![Respiratory disorders: Acute Epiglottitis • • Life threatening bacterial infection Also called ‘croup syndrome’ Respiratory disorders: Acute Epiglottitis • • Life threatening bacterial infection Also called ‘croup syndrome’](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-23.jpg)
![Acute epiglottitis • Nursing management – Anbx, fluids and supportive care – Have emergency Acute epiglottitis • Nursing management – Anbx, fluids and supportive care – Have emergency](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-24.jpg)
![Bronchiolitis • Acute, typically viral, infection of the bronchioles usually caused by RSV • Bronchiolitis • Acute, typically viral, infection of the bronchioles usually caused by RSV •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-25.jpg)
![Bronchiolitis • Nursing management/diagnosis – Ineffective airway clearance – Deficient fluid volume – Deficient Bronchiolitis • Nursing management/diagnosis – Ineffective airway clearance – Deficient fluid volume – Deficient](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-26.jpg)
![Bronchiolitis • Treatment/prevention – Ribuvirin (Virazole) is the only med for RSV bronchiolitis – Bronchiolitis • Treatment/prevention – Ribuvirin (Virazole) is the only med for RSV bronchiolitis –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-27.jpg)
![Asthma • Characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyper responsiveness • Wheezing, coughing Asthma • Characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyper responsiveness • Wheezing, coughing](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-28.jpg)
![Asthma • Categories – Mild intermittent – Mild persistent – Moderate persistent – Severe Asthma • Categories – Mild intermittent – Mild persistent – Moderate persistent – Severe](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-29.jpg)
![Asthma • Pharmacologic treatments – Short acting inhaled beta 2 agonists – Long acting Asthma • Pharmacologic treatments – Short acting inhaled beta 2 agonists – Long acting](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-30.jpg)
![asthma • Treatments – Avoid triggers – Regular peak flow monitoring – Medical follow asthma • Treatments – Avoid triggers – Regular peak flow monitoring – Medical follow](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-31.jpg)
![Bacterial meningitis • Meningitis is inflammation of meninges • Causative agent is age dependent Bacterial meningitis • Meningitis is inflammation of meninges • Causative agent is age dependent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-32.jpg)
![Asthma • Nursing management/diagnosis – Risk for suffocation – Ineffective airway clearance – Interrupted Asthma • Nursing management/diagnosis – Risk for suffocation – Ineffective airway clearance – Interrupted](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-33.jpg)
![Bacterial meningitis • Clinical manifestation – Infants may have subtle symptoms – Child over Bacterial meningitis • Clinical manifestation – Infants may have subtle symptoms – Child over](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-34.jpg)
![Bacterial meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF via lumbar punctures; fluid will be cloudy – Bacterial meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF via lumbar punctures; fluid will be cloudy –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-35.jpg)
![Viral meningitis • Inflammatory response of the leptomeninges • Caused by non polio enterovirus; Viral meningitis • Inflammatory response of the leptomeninges • Caused by non polio enterovirus;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-36.jpg)
![Viral meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF • • Less than 500 WBC/cubic mm Glucose Viral meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF • • Less than 500 WBC/cubic mm Glucose](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-37.jpg)
![Viral meningitis • Treatment – Same as bacterial until viral is confirmed • Nursing Viral meningitis • Treatment – Same as bacterial until viral is confirmed • Nursing](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-38.jpg)
![Encephalitis • Inflammation of the brain caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoa • Encephalitis • Inflammation of the brain caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoa •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-39.jpg)
![Encephalitis • Diagnosis – H&P, – CSF • Initially normal, recheck in 2 days Encephalitis • Diagnosis – H&P, – CSF • Initially normal, recheck in 2 days](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-40.jpg)
![encephalitis • Nursing management/interventions – Vital sign assessment – Neuro checks – PROM – encephalitis • Nursing management/interventions – Vital sign assessment – Neuro checks – PROM –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-41.jpg)
![GER ( gastroesophogeal reflux) • Common disorder of infants; improvement seen in 6 -12 GER ( gastroesophogeal reflux) • Common disorder of infants; improvement seen in 6 -12](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-42.jpg)
![GER • Treatment – Dietary modifications – Thicken formula with cereal – Positioning: seated GER • Treatment – Dietary modifications – Thicken formula with cereal – Positioning: seated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-43.jpg)
![Parasitic infections • See pages 442 -443 • Pinworms • roundworms Parasitic infections • See pages 442 -443 • Pinworms • roundworms](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-44.jpg)
![Urinary Tract Infections • Infection of one or more structures of the urinary tract Urinary Tract Infections • Infection of one or more structures of the urinary tract](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-45.jpg)
![UTI • Clinical manifestations – Infants – Preschoolers – School age and adolescents – UTI • Clinical manifestations – Infants – Preschoolers – School age and adolescents –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-46.jpg)
![UTI • Treatment – Eradicating the infection – Preventing re infections – Correcting underlying UTI • Treatment – Eradicating the infection – Preventing re infections – Correcting underlying](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-47.jpg)
![Enuresis • Involuntary voiding of urine beyond the expected age • More common in Enuresis • Involuntary voiding of urine beyond the expected age • More common in](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-48.jpg)
![enuresis • Clinical manifestations – Dribbling after voiding – Urgency – Ineffective stream – enuresis • Clinical manifestations – Dribbling after voiding – Urgency – Ineffective stream –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-49.jpg)
![Enuresis • Diagnosis – Family history – Neuro exam: reflexes, sphincter tone, spinal defects Enuresis • Diagnosis – Family history – Neuro exam: reflexes, sphincter tone, spinal defects](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-50.jpg)
![Enuresis • Treatment – Medications: see page 632 – Bed wetting alarms – Motivational Enuresis • Treatment – Medications: see page 632 – Bed wetting alarms – Motivational](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-51.jpg)
![Enuresis • Nursing diagnosis – Impaired urinary elimination – Impaired skin integrity – Disturbed Enuresis • Nursing diagnosis – Impaired urinary elimination – Impaired skin integrity – Disturbed](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-52.jpg)
- Slides: 52
![NURS 1400 Unit VI Common Childhood Illnesses Metro Community College Nursing Program Nancy Pares NURS 1400 Unit VI Common Childhood Illnesses Metro Community College Nursing Program Nancy Pares,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-1.jpg)
NURS 1400 Unit VI Common Childhood Illnesses Metro Community College Nursing Program Nancy Pares, RN, MSN
![Integumentary system Tinea Corporis Fungal infection body ringworm Occurs in non Integumentary system • Tinea Corporis – Fungal infection; “body ringworm” – Occurs in non](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-2.jpg)
Integumentary system • Tinea Corporis – Fungal infection; “body ringworm” – Occurs in non terminal, non hairy areas of body – Occurs in children of any age; acquired from animals
![Tinea Corporis Clinical manifestations Annular expanding lesion Raised erythematous border Tinea Corporis • Clinical manifestations – Annular, expanding lesion – Raised erythematous border –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-3.jpg)
Tinea Corporis • Clinical manifestations – Annular, expanding lesion – Raised erythematous border – Scaly, clear center • Treatment – Topical: miconazole, clotrimazole(lotrimin) • Twice daily for 2 -3 wks – Oral: itraconazole, terbinafine
![Infestations Pediculosis Head lice Ectoparasites live on the surface Most common Infestations • Pediculosis: Head lice – Ectoparasites: live on the surface – Most common](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-4.jpg)
Infestations • Pediculosis: Head lice – Ectoparasites: live on the surface – Most common in 3 -10 years; greater in girls of caucasian origin – Classroom is primary source of infestation
![pediculosis Pathophysiology Head to head contact hats combs bedding Lice crawldo pediculosis • Pathophysiology – Head to head contact: hats, combs, bedding – Lice crawl-do](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-5.jpg)
pediculosis • Pathophysiology – Head to head contact: hats, combs, bedding – Lice crawl-do not fly or jump – Eggs(nits) attach to hair shaft with water insoluble glue usually in the auricular or occipital areas of the head – Nymphs emerge in 7 -10 days; lifespan=30 days – Brown in color, size of sesame seed
![pediculosis Clinical manifestations itching Diagnosis identification of nits on scalp Treatment pediculosis • Clinical manifestations: itching • Diagnosis: identification of nits on scalp • Treatment:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-6.jpg)
pediculosis • Clinical manifestations: itching • Diagnosis: identification of nits on scalp • Treatment: – Manual removal: less than 2 years of age – Permethin (Nix): > 2 years of age; kills lice and ova – Lindane (Kwell): > 2 years of age; less potent agent
![Pediculosis Nursing Management Assessment careful handwashing done with hair wet examine known Pediculosis • Nursing Management – Assessment: careful handwashing; done with hair wet; examine known](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-7.jpg)
Pediculosis • Nursing Management – Assessment: careful handwashing; done with hair wet; examine known areas; – Nursing diagnosis • Impaired skin integrity • Low self esteem • Deficient knowledge – Family teaching: treatment of household; notify schools and contacts
![Scabies Ectoparasite significant world wide Occurs at any age most common 2 Scabies • Ectoparasite; significant world wide • Occurs at any age, most common <2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-8.jpg)
Scabies • Ectoparasite; significant world wide • Occurs at any age, most common <2 year old • Pathophysiology – Transmitted by close person to person contact – Burrow into the stratum corneum depositing feces – Females lay eggs in 2 -3 day intervals; hatch in 3 -8 – Adult mites are round, eyeless, life span of female is 2 months; male dies after mating
![Scabies Clinical manifestations Inflammatory response generalized pruritus which increases at night Scabies • Clinical manifestations – Inflammatory response, generalized pruritus which increases at night –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-9.jpg)
Scabies • Clinical manifestations – Inflammatory response, generalized pruritus which increases at night – Sites: skin surfaces that are opposing: axillary, cubital, • Diagnosis: microscopic exam of scrapings • Treatment : Permethrine cream(Elimite) – One application is usually sufficient
![Scabies Nursing management Promotion of comfort Prevention of secondary infections Scabies • Nursing management – Promotion of comfort – Prevention of secondary infections –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-10.jpg)
Scabies • Nursing management – Promotion of comfort – Prevention of secondary infections – Handwashing • Family teaching – All members of household need treatment – All clothes and bedding in hot water – Daycare: no attendance for 24 hours after treatment
![Inflammatory disorders Acne Vulgaris Predominately adolescent skin disease Chronic condition 85 of Inflammatory disorders Acne Vulgaris • Predominately adolescent skin disease • Chronic condition; 85% of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-11.jpg)
Inflammatory disorders Acne Vulgaris • Predominately adolescent skin disease • Chronic condition; 85% of all adolescents • Pathophysiology – Accumulation of sebum in the pilosebaceous follicles which become very cohesive – Comedones are lesions of non inflammatory (white heads); open lesions are black heads
![Acne vulgaris Diagnosis age and appearance of lesions Treatment Individualized Acne vulgaris • Diagnosis: age and appearance of lesions • Treatment: – Individualized –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-12.jpg)
Acne vulgaris • Diagnosis: age and appearance of lesions • Treatment: – Individualized – Topical • Benzoyl peroxide, reinoids, azelaic acid, and abx – Systemic • Anbx, oral contraceptives, accutane
![Acne vulgaris Nursing management Reduction of severity supportive care information about diet Acne vulgaris • Nursing management – Reduction of severity, supportive care, information about diet,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-13.jpg)
Acne vulgaris • Nursing management – Reduction of severity, supportive care, information about diet, hygiene, rest • Teaching – Educate about misconceptions – Avoid cosmetics
![Hearing and Visual disorders Hearing impairment See page 1023 table Congenital Hearing and Visual disorders • Hearing impairment – See page 1023 table – Congenital](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-14.jpg)
Hearing and Visual disorders • Hearing impairment – See page 1023 table – Congenital vs acquired – Classifications • • Conductive hearing loss Sensoneural hearing loss Mixed conductive sensoneural hearing loss Central hearing loss – Behavioral signs: pg 1025 table
![Hearing loss Diagnosis Newborn screening BAER Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Hearing loss • Diagnosis – Newborn screening – BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-15.jpg)
Hearing loss • Diagnosis – Newborn screening – BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) • Main test for hearing loss • Treatment: – Dependent on type of hearing impairment – Conductive: hearing aid – Sensoneural: cochlear implants – Sign language, lip reading, cued speech
![Hearing loss Nursing management Assessment Nursing diagnosis Disturbed sensory perception Hearing loss • Nursing management – Assessment – Nursing diagnosis • Disturbed sensory perception](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-16.jpg)
Hearing loss • Nursing management – Assessment – Nursing diagnosis • Disturbed sensory perception • Delayed growth and development • Ineffective coping
![Visual impairment Binocularity fixation of 2 ocular images occurs at 6 months Visual impairment • Binocularity: fixation of 2 ocular images, occurs at 6 months •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-17.jpg)
Visual impairment • Binocularity: fixation of 2 ocular images, occurs at 6 months • Visual acuity: clearness of image: changes with age • Etiology – Eyeball mis proportioned – Damage to one or more parts of the eye interfering with visual process – Brain may not process information correctly
![Visual impairment Manifestations based on age pg 1033 table Diagnosis Snellen chart Visual impairment • Manifestations based on age: pg 1033 table • Diagnosis: Snellen chart;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-18.jpg)
Visual impairment • Manifestations based on age: pg 1033 table • Diagnosis: Snellen chart; assessed indirectly with children< 3. . see page 1034
![Impairment of muscular efficiency Strabismus Condition where the visual lines of each Impairment of muscular efficiency • Strabismus – Condition where the visual lines of each](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-19.jpg)
Impairment of muscular efficiency • Strabismus – Condition where the visual lines of each eye do not focus on the same object due to lack of muscle coordination; cross eyed appearance – Clinical manifestations • Clumsy, difficulty picking up objects, crossed eyes – Diagnosis • Hirshberg corneal light reflex, cover test, esotropia, hypertropia
![strabismus Treatment Medical Occlusion dressing eye patch glasses pharmacologic Surgical strabismus • Treatment – Medical: • Occlusion dressing (eye patch), glasses, pharmacologic – Surgical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-20.jpg)
strabismus • Treatment – Medical: • Occlusion dressing (eye patch), glasses, pharmacologic – Surgical • Children < 12 -18 months when medical did not work
![strabismus Nursing management Early identification Nursing diagnosis Delayed growth and strabismus • Nursing management – Early identification • Nursing diagnosis – Delayed growth and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-21.jpg)
strabismus • Nursing management – Early identification • Nursing diagnosis – Delayed growth and development – anxiety
![Amblyopia Lazy eye A reduction or loss of vision in one eye unrelated Amblyopia (Lazy eye) • A reduction or loss of vision in one eye unrelated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-22.jpg)
Amblyopia (Lazy eye) • A reduction or loss of vision in one eye unrelated to an organic cause • Pathophysiology – Occurs in first 6 months of life – Brain is trained to compensate – If not corrected by age 7, restoration is minimal • Clinical manifestations; – Rare, child is unaware of any problem • Treatment: glasses
![Respiratory disorders Acute Epiglottitis Life threatening bacterial infection Also called croup syndrome Respiratory disorders: Acute Epiglottitis • • Life threatening bacterial infection Also called ‘croup syndrome’](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-23.jpg)
Respiratory disorders: Acute Epiglottitis • • Life threatening bacterial infection Also called ‘croup syndrome’ Can lead to complete airway obstruction Clinical manifestations – Respiratory distress, fever, sore throat, dysphagia, drooling, agitation, and lethargy, • Diagnosis: no spontaneous cough, DO NOT look in throat by depressing tongue
![Acute epiglottitis Nursing management Anbx fluids and supportive care Have emergency Acute epiglottitis • Nursing management – Anbx, fluids and supportive care – Have emergency](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-24.jpg)
Acute epiglottitis • Nursing management – Anbx, fluids and supportive care – Have emergency equipment on had for tracheotomy.
![Bronchiolitis Acute typically viral infection of the bronchioles usually caused by RSV Bronchiolitis • Acute, typically viral, infection of the bronchioles usually caused by RSV •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-25.jpg)
Bronchiolitis • Acute, typically viral, infection of the bronchioles usually caused by RSV • Usually young children • Causes inflammation of the bronchioles • Wheezing is classic symptom with tachypnea • Complications – Apnea, atelectasis, secondary bacterial infection and respiratory failure
![Bronchiolitis Nursing managementdiagnosis Ineffective airway clearance Deficient fluid volume Deficient Bronchiolitis • Nursing management/diagnosis – Ineffective airway clearance – Deficient fluid volume – Deficient](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-26.jpg)
Bronchiolitis • Nursing management/diagnosis – Ineffective airway clearance – Deficient fluid volume – Deficient knowledge of caregivers • Planning /implementation – Family teaching – Acute setting focus on adequate ventilation and fluid balance
![Bronchiolitis Treatmentprevention Ribuvirin Virazole is the only med for RSV bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis • Treatment/prevention – Ribuvirin (Virazole) is the only med for RSV bronchiolitis –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-27.jpg)
Bronchiolitis • Treatment/prevention – Ribuvirin (Virazole) is the only med for RSV bronchiolitis – Prevention drugs • RSV immune globulin (Respi. Gam) • Synagis – Administered monthly as an IM injection – First dose Usually given prior to RSV season
![Asthma Characterized by chronic inflammation bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyper responsiveness Wheezing coughing Asthma • Characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyper responsiveness • Wheezing, coughing](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-28.jpg)
Asthma • Characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyper responsiveness • Wheezing, coughing and dyspnea • Airways are damaged over time • Classified by severity of symptoms
![Asthma Categories Mild intermittent Mild persistent Moderate persistent Severe Asthma • Categories – Mild intermittent – Mild persistent – Moderate persistent – Severe](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-29.jpg)
Asthma • Categories – Mild intermittent – Mild persistent – Moderate persistent – Severe persistent
![Asthma Pharmacologic treatments Short acting inhaled beta 2 agonists Long acting Asthma • Pharmacologic treatments – Short acting inhaled beta 2 agonists – Long acting](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-30.jpg)
Asthma • Pharmacologic treatments – Short acting inhaled beta 2 agonists – Long acting inhaled beta 2 agonists – Leukotriene modifiers – Oral anti asthmatics – Methylxanthines – Systemic corticosteroids
![asthma Treatments Avoid triggers Regular peak flow monitoring Medical follow asthma • Treatments – Avoid triggers – Regular peak flow monitoring – Medical follow](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-31.jpg)
asthma • Treatments – Avoid triggers – Regular peak flow monitoring – Medical follow up – Rapid access to medical care • Prevention – Avoid allergen exposure, warm up before exercising, relaxation exercises
![Bacterial meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of meninges Causative agent is age dependent Bacterial meningitis • Meningitis is inflammation of meninges • Causative agent is age dependent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-32.jpg)
Bacterial meningitis • Meningitis is inflammation of meninges • Causative agent is age dependent – Neonates: e coli, group b strep, H influenza, strep pneumoniae – Infants and children: H influenza type b, strep pneumoniae – Adolescent: Neisseria meningitis, strep pneumoniae
![Asthma Nursing managementdiagnosis Risk for suffocation Ineffective airway clearance Interrupted Asthma • Nursing management/diagnosis – Risk for suffocation – Ineffective airway clearance – Interrupted](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-33.jpg)
Asthma • Nursing management/diagnosis – Risk for suffocation – Ineffective airway clearance – Interrupted family processes
![Bacterial meningitis Clinical manifestation Infants may have subtle symptoms Child over Bacterial meningitis • Clinical manifestation – Infants may have subtle symptoms – Child over](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-34.jpg)
Bacterial meningitis • Clinical manifestation – Infants may have subtle symptoms – Child over 2 may have GI upset and cold like symptoms – Hyperactive reflexes – Kernigs sign: supine with hip flexed. . pain on resistance on extension of leg – Brudzinski sign; supine, flex head. . hip and knees will also flex
![Bacterial meningitis Diagnosis CSF via lumbar punctures fluid will be cloudy Bacterial meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF via lumbar punctures; fluid will be cloudy –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-35.jpg)
Bacterial meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF via lumbar punctures; fluid will be cloudy – Urine for culture, osmolarity, sp. Gravity – Chest x ray – CT/MRI • Treatment – Oxygen – Seizure precautions – Antibiotics/dexamethazone – isolation
![Viral meningitis Inflammatory response of the leptomeninges Caused by non polio enterovirus Viral meningitis • Inflammatory response of the leptomeninges • Caused by non polio enterovirus;](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-36.jpg)
Viral meningitis • Inflammatory response of the leptomeninges • Caused by non polio enterovirus; most occur in summer • Often associated with partially treated bacterial infections • Clinical manifestations – Not as ill as bacterial; general malaise, gradual onset, Kernig and Brudzinski signs may be present
![Viral meningitis Diagnosis CSF Less than 500 WBCcubic mm Glucose Viral meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF • • Less than 500 WBC/cubic mm Glucose](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-37.jpg)
Viral meningitis • Diagnosis – CSF • • Less than 500 WBC/cubic mm Glucose increased Protein decreased May do second spinal tap within 6 -8 hrs for confirmation
![Viral meningitis Treatment Same as bacterial until viral is confirmed Nursing Viral meningitis • Treatment – Same as bacterial until viral is confirmed • Nursing](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-38.jpg)
Viral meningitis • Treatment – Same as bacterial until viral is confirmed • Nursing management – Same as bacterial until viral is confirmed – Comfort measures, – Administer meds as ordered
![Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain caused by bacteria virus fungi or protozoa Encephalitis • Inflammation of the brain caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoa •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-39.jpg)
Encephalitis • Inflammation of the brain caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoa • See page 1085 for table of causes • Pathophysiology – Invasion of pathogen to CNS • Clinical manifestations – Intense HA, s/s of respiratory infection, n/v, slurred speech, seizures, ataxia, personality and behavior changes
![Encephalitis Diagnosis HP CSF Initially normal recheck in 2 days Encephalitis • Diagnosis – H&P, – CSF • Initially normal, recheck in 2 days](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-40.jpg)
Encephalitis • Diagnosis – H&P, – CSF • Initially normal, recheck in 2 days – Leukocytes increase – Protein increase – Nasopharynx swab • Treatment: – Supportive, anbx til bacterial cause r/o
![encephalitis Nursing managementinterventions Vital sign assessment Neuro checks PROM encephalitis • Nursing management/interventions – Vital sign assessment – Neuro checks – PROM –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-41.jpg)
encephalitis • Nursing management/interventions – Vital sign assessment – Neuro checks – PROM – Good skin care
![GER gastroesophogeal reflux Common disorder of infants improvement seen in 6 12 GER ( gastroesophogeal reflux) • Common disorder of infants; improvement seen in 6 -12](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-42.jpg)
GER ( gastroesophogeal reflux) • Common disorder of infants; improvement seen in 6 -12 months; boys affected more than girls, common in preterm infants • Clinical Manifestations – Vomiting, regurgitation, excessive crying, blood in stools • Diagnosis – Observing feedings, upper GI, endoscopy
![GER Treatment Dietary modifications Thicken formula with cereal Positioning seated GER • Treatment – Dietary modifications – Thicken formula with cereal – Positioning: seated](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-43.jpg)
GER • Treatment – Dietary modifications – Thicken formula with cereal – Positioning: seated vs prone vs head elevated prone – Pharmacologic intervention • Previcid, reglan • Nursing diagnosis – Risk for aspiration; imbalanced nutrition; deficient knowledge
![Parasitic infections See pages 442 443 Pinworms roundworms Parasitic infections • See pages 442 -443 • Pinworms • roundworms](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-44.jpg)
Parasitic infections • See pages 442 -443 • Pinworms • roundworms
![Urinary Tract Infections Infection of one or more structures of the urinary tract Urinary Tract Infections • Infection of one or more structures of the urinary tract](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-45.jpg)
Urinary Tract Infections • Infection of one or more structures of the urinary tract – Cystitis – Urethritis – Pyelonephritis • Pathophysiology – Same as adults
![UTI Clinical manifestations Infants Preschoolers School age and adolescents UTI • Clinical manifestations – Infants – Preschoolers – School age and adolescents –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-46.jpg)
UTI • Clinical manifestations – Infants – Preschoolers – School age and adolescents – See page 626 table • Diagnosis – UA
![UTI Treatment Eradicating the infection Preventing re infections Correcting underlying UTI • Treatment – Eradicating the infection – Preventing re infections – Correcting underlying](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-47.jpg)
UTI • Treatment – Eradicating the infection – Preventing re infections – Correcting underlying causes – Preserving renal function – Abx, fluids
![Enuresis Involuntary voiding of urine beyond the expected age More common in Enuresis • Involuntary voiding of urine beyond the expected age • More common in](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-48.jpg)
Enuresis • Involuntary voiding of urine beyond the expected age • More common in boys • Pathophysiology – Neurologic development delay – Frequent UTI – Structural disorders – Chronic constipation – DM – Sleep arousal problems – Stress and family history
![enuresis Clinical manifestations Dribbling after voiding Urgency Ineffective stream enuresis • Clinical manifestations – Dribbling after voiding – Urgency – Ineffective stream –](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-49.jpg)
enuresis • Clinical manifestations – Dribbling after voiding – Urgency – Ineffective stream – Infrequent and painful voiding – Incontinence with laughing
![Enuresis Diagnosis Family history Neuro exam reflexes sphincter tone spinal defects Enuresis • Diagnosis – Family history – Neuro exam: reflexes, sphincter tone, spinal defects](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-50.jpg)
Enuresis • Diagnosis – Family history – Neuro exam: reflexes, sphincter tone, spinal defects – Voiding diary – UA, renal ultrasound, urine flow rate
![Enuresis Treatment Medications see page 632 Bed wetting alarms Motivational Enuresis • Treatment – Medications: see page 632 – Bed wetting alarms – Motivational](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-51.jpg)
Enuresis • Treatment – Medications: see page 632 – Bed wetting alarms – Motivational therapies: rewards for dry nights – Elimination diets: certain foods may irritate the bladder---sugar, caffeine, dairy , carbonated bev.
![Enuresis Nursing diagnosis Impaired urinary elimination Impaired skin integrity Disturbed Enuresis • Nursing diagnosis – Impaired urinary elimination – Impaired skin integrity – Disturbed](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/3b79404a0d2a0aec39dfe1c450fed535/image-52.jpg)
Enuresis • Nursing diagnosis – Impaired urinary elimination – Impaired skin integrity – Disturbed sleep pattern – Low self esteem – Impaired social interactions
Ready to eat tcs food
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Nurs 200
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