Number Systems Today Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Unsigned Binary

Number Systems

Today • Decimal • Hexadecimal • Binary – Unsigned Binary – 1’s Complement Binary – 2’s Complement Binary

Decimal (base 10) ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ) Binary (base 2) ( 0, 1 ) Hexadecimal (base 16) ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F )

How do we represent numbers? Decimal: Binary: 100 101 102 103 104 105 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 =1 = 10000 = 100000. . = = = = = 210 220 230 240 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 = = 1024 = 1 Kb 1 Mb 1 Gb 1 Tb Example: Decimal 1024 = (1024)10

Notes: Counting Chart ( 99 )10 + 1 = ? ? ( FF )16 + 1 = ? ? ( 100 )10 ( 100 )16

Conversion • Decimal (Base 10) --> Binary (Base 2) Step 1 - Divide the Number by 2 Step 2 - If the result has a remainder, --> add 1 as the current MSB Otherwise --> add 0 as the current MSB Step 3 - Finish when result < base --> Add Quotient as the final MSB Example: Convert (1000)10 to Binary (base 2)

Conversion • Decimal (Base 10) -> Hexadecimal (Base 16) Step 1 - Divide the Number by 16 Step 2 - Take the remainder as the current MSB Step 3 - Finish when result < base --> Add Quotient as the final MSB Example: Convert (1000)10 to Hexadecimal (base 16)

Bits & Bytes (Side Note) • Bit A bit is a single binary digit, a ‘ 1’ or a ‘ 0’ • Byte A series of 8 bits ( 8 bits = 1 Byte ) Examples: ( 1010 )2 ( AA )16

Conversion • Binary (Base 2) --> Hexadecimal (Base 16) Step 1 - Make groups of 4 bits, starting from the LSB Step 2 - Directly convert each group into Hexadecimal Example: Convert (1111101000)2 to Hexadecimal (base 16)

Binary Addition Example: Add (10011011)2 and (1110)2

Signed Binary • MSB is the sign bit 0 <-- Positive Numbers 1 <-- Negative Numbers

2’s Complement Binary • Example: Convert (-100)10 into 2’s comp • Example: Binary Addition

2’s Complement Binary • Why? – Simplifying the implementation of arithmetic on computer hardware. – Allows the addition of negative operands without a subtraction circuit or a circuit that detects the sign of a number. – Moreover, an addition circuit can also perform subtraction by taking the two's complement of a number