NULL COMPLEMENTIZERS SEPT 21 2012 DAY 11 Introduction
- Slides: 24
NULL COMPLEMENTIZERS SEPT. 21, 2012 D–AY 11 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University
COURSE MANAGEMENT 9/21/12 http: //www. tulane. edu/~howard/ANTH 3590/ Check your quiz grades on Blackboard ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 2
9/21/12 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 3
9/21/12 4 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane REVIEW
DIAGRAM THESE TWO SENTENCES 9/21/12 She wants to take a picture of herself. Nobody said that they would have any fun. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 5
9/21/12 6 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane § 3. 6 NULL C IN FINITE CLAUSES
OVERVIEW The pattern, #42 9/21/12 We didn’t know [if/whether he had resigned] b) We didn’t know [that he had resigned] c) We didn’t know [he had resigned] a) ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Hypothesis: all embedded clauses have a complementizer. See tree on next slide. 7
We would know [{if/whether/that/Ø} he had resigned] TP T’ 9/21/12 PRN we VP V know ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane T would CP C if/whether that TP PRN he T’ T had VP V resigned 8
NULL C IN FINITE CLAUSES More evidence 9/21/12 We ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane didn’t know [he had resigned] or [that he had been accused of corruption] 9
THE CONTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTIZERS What does a complementizer do? It marks the (illocutionary) force of a clause ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane declarative interrogative 9/21/12 10
CASE What is (linguistic) case? b. c. Case condition (#52) A pronoun or noun expression is assigned case by the closest case-assigning head which c-commands it. Hypothesis A finite C assigns nominative case to the subject. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane I am tired. (nominative) Mary kissed him ~ Mary looked at him. (accusative) Mary kissed his cheek. (genitive) a. 9/21/12 11
9/21/12 12 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane § 3. 7 INFINITIVAL CLAUSES
TP T’ 9/21/12 PRN I WHAT STRUCTURE DO WE POSTULATE FOR: I WILL ARRANGE [FOR HIM TO SEE A SPECIALIST] VP V arrange ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane T will CP TP C for PRN him T’ T to VP V see QP a specialist 13
A NULLC FORFOR c. d. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane b. She wanted [him to apologize] and [for her to receive the award] She wanted more than anything [for him to apologize] What she wanted was [for him to apologize] 9/21/12 a. 14
CONTROL CLAUSES TP T’ VP T will V try CP I C Ø will try [to see a specialist] TP PRN PRO T’ T to ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Hypothesis: control clauses have a null C. What structure do we postulate for: 9/21/12 PRN I VP V see QP a specialist 15
9/21/12 16 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane § 3. 8 DEFECTIVE CLAUSES
9/21/12 17 follow material from Ex 3. 2 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane ALTERNATIVE
AN ORDINARY INFINITIVAL? * I believe Mary to be innocent and for John to be guilty. I want Mary to be innocent and for John to be guilty. (cf. 55) c) What I believe is (for) Mary to be innocent. (cf. 69 a) d) * What I want is for Mary to be innocent. (cf. 58 a) e) She is believed to be innocent. (70 a) f) She is wanted to be innocent. b) * ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane a) 9/21/12 So what about They believe [her to be innocent]? It looks like any other infinitival clause, but … 18
CONJECTURE The complement to believe and similar verbs is a TP, not a CP, there is no null C (ø) to assign case to the embedded subject. So the matrix verb (believe) must be able to assign case across the TP boundary to the embedded subject. This is an exception, which is why these are often called exceptional case-marking (ECM) verbs and clauses. Lacking a CP, they can also be called defective clauses. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Without 9/21/12 19
CP ECM CLAUSE TP C ø 9/21/12 PRN I T’ ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane VP T Af 1 st. Sg. Pres V believe TP PRN her T’ T to VP V be Adj innocent 20
CP PASSIVIZATION FROM AN ECM CLAUSE TP C ø 9/21/12 PRN she T’ ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane VP T is V believed TP T’ PRN she T to VP V be Adj innocent 21
IMPENETRABILITY domain of a complementizer is impenetrable to a higher head c-commanding the complementizer. (almost #72) “in the domain of” means ‘c-commanded by’ A constituent in an impenetrable domain cannot enter into a syntactic relation outside of its domain. (HH) Now we look at the following slide for an illustration. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane The 9/21/12 There is still one datum left unaccounted for, which is why the subject of CP cannot passivize. A complete answer presupposes an analysis of passivization, which we won’t see until § 9. But let us first assume that the embedded CP is impenetrable from the matrix clause: 22
CP PASSIVIZATION FROM A CP TP C ø 9/21/12 PRN he T’ ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane VP T is V wanted CP C ø TP T’ PRN he T to VP V apologize 23
9/21/12 Q 3 24 Null determiners ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane NEXT TIME
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