NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA Nucleic Acids v

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NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA

Nucleic Acids v A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric

Nucleic Acids v A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. v The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). v Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses. Nucleic acids were first discovered by Friedrich Miescher.

Nucleotide Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate

Nucleotide Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate

Nitrogen-Containing Bases

Nitrogen-Containing Bases

Pentose (5 –Carbon) Sugars

Pentose (5 –Carbon) Sugars

Deoxyribonucleotide

Deoxyribonucleotide

Ribonucleotide

Ribonucleotide

ATP (Adensosine triphosphate)

ATP (Adensosine triphosphate)

NAD+ + ATP -> NADP+ + ADP catalyzed by NAD+ kinase

NAD+ + ATP -> NADP+ + ADP catalyzed by NAD+ kinase

Polynucleotides

Polynucleotides

DNA and RNA Structures

DNA and RNA Structures

Difference between DNA and RNA structures Characters DNA RNA 1. Molecule Double stranded, helical

Difference between DNA and RNA structures Characters DNA RNA 1. Molecule Double stranded, helical Single stranded, straight or variously folded and twisted. 2. Pentose sugar Deoxyribose Ribose 3. Pyrimidine base Thymine Uracil 4. Complementary base pairing Always present and Normally absent, but may exists between A = T and be present in twisted G=C segments of a molecule. If present, pairing is between A = U and G = C 5. Ratio of Purines: Always 1: 1 Pyrimidines Not necessarily 1: 1

Double-helical structure of DNA

Double-helical structure of DNA

Double-helical structure of DNA

Double-helical structure of DNA

DNA Replication

DNA Replication

Semiconservative Replication

Semiconservative Replication

DNA Polymerization

DNA Polymerization

Plasmids A plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which

Plasmids A plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA. In many cases, it is circular and doublestranded. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms.

Classification of RNA

Classification of RNA

m- RNA Messenger or m. RNA is a copy of the information carried by

m- RNA Messenger or m. RNA is a copy of the information carried by a gene on the DNA. The role of m. RNA is to move the information contained in DNA to the translation machinery.

t –RNA t. RNA is the information adapter molecule. It is the direct interface

t –RNA t. RNA is the information adapter molecule. It is the direct interface between amino-acid sequence of a protein and the information in DNA. Therefore it decodes the information in DNA. There are > 20 different t. RNA molecules.

r-RNA Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) is the central component of the ribosome, the protein

r-RNA Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the r. RNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding m. RNA into amino acids and to interact with the t. RNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity.

REFERENCES ü Michael L. Shuler and Fikret Kargı, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2 nd

REFERENCES ü Michael L. Shuler and Fikret Kargı, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2 nd Edition), Prentice Hall, New York, 2002. ü 1. James E. Bailey and David F. Ollis, Biochemical Engineering Fundementals (2 nd Edition), Mc. Graw-Hill, New York, 1986.

¢ www-ics. u-strasbg. fr ¢ www. msu. edu ¢ fig. cox. miami. edu ¢

¢ www-ics. u-strasbg. fr ¢ www. msu. edu ¢ fig. cox. miami. edu ¢ student. ccbcmd. edu ¢ www. dvbiology. org ¢ nanobiologynotes. blogspot. com ¢ www. acmecompany. com ¢ http: //www. diffen. com/difference/Dna_vs_Rna ¢ academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu

¢ faculty. uca. edu ¢ eapbiofield. wikispaces. com ¢ virtuallaboratory. net ¢ www. answers.

¢ faculty. uca. edu ¢ eapbiofield. wikispaces. com ¢ virtuallaboratory. net ¢ www. answers. com ¢ members. cox. net ¢ www. harunyahya. org ¢ www. wiley. com ¢ http: //www. johnkyrk. com/DNAanatomy. html ¢ http: //www. johnkyrk. com/DNAreplication. html ¢ http: //207. 4. 198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s. s wf

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