Nuclear Chemistry JONATHAN SEIBERT PNHS CHEMISTRY Atomic Structure

Nuclear Chemistry JONATHAN SEIBERT PNHS - CHEMISTRY

Atomic Structure Democritus Dalton – Atom (No Proof) – Atomic Theory (Evidence) Thompson – Electron Rutherford – Nucleus Bohr – Electron Orbits Chadwick - Neutron

Nucleus Strong Force (Nuclear Force) Holds the Nucleus together. Nuclear Stability – 1. 6 neutrons for every 1 proton Why is there a Pink Shaded part? Periodic Table Uses () to show radioactivity

Nuclear Symbols

Radioactivity Occurs when the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable due to an imbalance of neutrons. Alpha (α) – particle emission Very large Helium Nucleus Beta (β) – particle emission Neutron becomes a proton Gamma Energy (γ) – Energy emission (No Particle)

Radioactive Safety Alpha – Big and Bulky Clothing or Sheet of Paper Beta – Lighter and More Energy Thick Plastic Shield Gamma – Energy and Powerful Lead – Like at Dentist

How is radioactivity measured? With a Geiger counter Measured in rems count the ‘clicks’ Half-Life Time it take for half to decay

Transmutations

Each Step Broken Down Remember Law of Conservation of Mass

Real Life The Sun – Goes thru nuclear Fusion

FUSION Two small nuclei combine/fuse, forming a larger, more stable nucleus, releasing energy

Real Life Nuclear Fission - Nuclear Power plants

NUCLEAR FISSION Large, unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei

fission reactions occur when nucleus is bombarded with neutrons produces a lot of energy used in nuclear power plants

CHAIN REACTION

fusion Fusion is the process the sun produces energy Fusion is the process in the Hydrogen bomb

Compare/contrast Fusion Fission SPLIT – Critical Mass Nuclear power plants FUSE/JOIN The SUN Atomic (A) bomb Hydrogen Heavy atoms Light Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 readily fission Not a naturally occurring process (H) bomb atoms Hydrogen is the easiest to fuse Produces 3 to 4 times more Energy then fission ~ 100 million UNCONTROLLABLE

Stars Fusion Process H Stars Evolve Life Cycle How do we know what’s in a star? He Lines Like the Gas Tubes

Sun’s Radiation Benefits Sunshine Triggers Vitamin D Production Serotonin Warms Solar Power Harmful Skin the planet Effects Cancer – Highest Cancer death for 18 -25 Females Exposure Mutates Solar Time – Individual Sensitivity DNA Flares