NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear chemistry
- Slides: 46
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear chemistry is the study of the structure ofatomic nuclei and changes they undergo.
Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions Occur when bonds Occur when nuclei are broken emit particles and/or rays
Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged Atoms often converted into atoms of another element
Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged Atoms often converted into atoms of another element Involve only valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons
Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged Atoms often converted into atoms of another element Involve only valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons Associated with small energy changes Associated with large energy changes
Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged Atoms often converted into atoms of another element Involve only valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons Associated with small energy changes Associated with large energy changes Reaction rate influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc. Reaction rate is not influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc.
The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 – 1898): found that invisible rays were emitted when electrons bombarded the surface of certain materials. Becquerel accidently discovered that phosphorescent salts produced spontaneous emissions that darkened photographic plates
Antoine Henri Becquierel
Radioactive decay Discovered by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896 He saw that photographic plates developed bright spots when exposed to uranium metals
Radioactive Decay – nucleus decays spontaneously giving off an energetic particle
The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 – 1898): isolated the components ( atoms) emitting the rays – process by which particles give off – the penetrating rays and particles by a radioactive source
The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 – 1898): identified 2 new elements, polonium and on the basis of their radium radioactivity contradicted These findings Dalton’s theory of indivisible atoms.
Marie Sklodowska Curie with her daughter, Irene.
The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 – 1898): – atoms of the element with different numbers of – isotopes of atoms with nuclei (too / neutrons) – when unstable nuclei energy by emitting to attain more atomic configurations ( process)
Alpha radiation Composition – Alpha particles, same as helium 4 nuclei 2 Symbol – Helium nuclei, He, α Charge – 2+ Mass (amu) – 4 Approximate energy – 5 Me. V Penetrating power – low (0. 05 mm body tissue) Shielding – paper, clothing
Beta radiation Composition – Beta particles, same as an electron Symbol – e-, β Charge – 1 Mass (amu) – 1/1837 (practically 0) Approximate energy – 0. 05 – 1 Me. V Penetrating power – moderate (4 mm body tissue) Shielding – metal foil
Gamma radiation Composition – High-energy electromagnetic radiation Symbol – γ Charge – 0 Mass (amu) – 0 Approximate energy – 1 Me. V Penetrating power – high (penetrates body easily) Shielding – lead, concrete
Ionizing power and penetrating power: an analogy.
Types of radioactive decay alpha particle emission beta emission positron emission electron capture gamma emission
Alpha emission
Beta Particle emisson
Review Type of Particle Change Radioacti Emitted in Mass # in Atomic ve Decay # 4 α He Alpha -4 -2 2 0 β Beta 0 +1 -1 e γ Gamma 0 0
Chemical Symbols A chemical symbol looks like… 14 6 C To find the number of the from the , subtract
Half-Life is the required for of a radioisotope’s nuclei to decay into its products. For any # ofradioisotope, ½ lives % Remaining 0 1 2 100% 50% 25% 3 4 5 6 12. 5% 6. 25% 3. 125% 1. 5625%
Half-Life 100 90 80 % Remaining 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 # of Half-Lives 4 5 6 7
Half-Life For example, suppose you have 10. 0 grams of strontium – 90, which has a half life of 29 years. How much will be remaining after x number of # of ½ lives Time (Years) Amount years? Remaining You can use a table: (g) 0 1 2 3 4 0 29 58 87 116 10 5 2. 5 1. 25 0. 625
Half-Life Or an equation!
Half-Life Example 1: If gallium – 68 has a half-life of 68. 3 minutes, how much of a 160. 0 mg sample is left after 1 half life? ____ 2 half lives? _____ 3 half lives? _____
Half-Life Example 2: Iron-59 is used in medicine to diagnose blood circulation disorders. The halflife of iron-59 is 44. 5 days. How much of a 2. 000 mg sample will remain after 133. 5 days? _______
Nuclear Fission of a nucleus - Very heavy nucleus is split into approximately fragments reaction releases several neutrons which more nuclei - If controlled, energy is released (like in ) Reaction control depends on reducing the of the neutrons (increases the reaction rate) and extra neutrons ( creases the reaction rate).
Nuclear Fission - 1 st controlled nuclear reaction in December 1942. 1 st uncontrolled nuclear explosion occurred July 1945. - Examples – atomic bomb, current nuclear power plants
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Courtesy David Bartruff/Corbis Images Cooling towers of a nuclear power plant.
Construction of a tunnel that will be used for burial of radioactive wastes deep within Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
Disposal of radioactive wastes by burial in a shallow pit.
Nuclear Fusion - Two light - combining of a nuclei combine to form a single heavier nucleus - Does not occur under standard conditions ( repels ) inexpensive - Advantages compared to fission noradioactivewaste , + + large start control - Disadvantages - requires amount of energy to , difficult to - Examples – energy output of stars, hydrogen
Applications Medicine Chemotherapy Power pacemakers Diagnostic tracers Agriculture Irradiate food Pesticide Energy Fission Fusion
X-ray examination of luggage at a security station.
An image of a thyroid gland obtained through the use of radioactive iodine
Images of human lungs obtained from a γ-ray scan.
A cancer patient receiving radiation therapy.
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- Chernobyl webquest answer key
- Nuclear chemistry
- Application of nuclear chemistry
- Application of nuclear chemistry
- What is nuclear charge in chemistry
- Chapter 24 nuclear chemistry answer key
- Chapter 25 nuclear chemistry answer key
- Nuclear chemistry review worksheet answer key
- Applications of nuclear chemistry
- T half life formula
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- Nitrogen-13 decay equation
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- Chapter 10 nuclear chemistry
- Chapter 10 nuclear chemistry
- Ib organic chemistry
- Inorganic chemistry vs organic chemistry
- Introduction to clinical chemistry
- Definition of pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry
- Organic chemistry chapter 1
- Objectives of chemistry
- Patrick an
- Periodic table protons neutrons electrons
- Chapter 1 introduction to chemistry
- Introduction to chemistry chapter 1
- Introduction to inorganic chemistry
- Introduction to analytical chemistry
- Bioinorganic chemistry introduction
- Introduction to chemistry section 3 scientific methods
- Introduction of chemistry
- Mechanical entrapment in gravimetric analysis
- Introduction of bioinorganic chemistry
- Body paragraph
- Núcleo celular
- Venus in medical terms
- Nuclear transmutation equation
- Democrito
- Quantum and nuclear physics
- What are fuels used for
- Spindle fibers
- The dyad family