NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science The Rock

NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle

Types of Rocks � Igneous � Intrusive � Extrusive � Pyroclastic � Sedimentary � Chemical � Precipitates and Evaporites � Fossiliferous � Clastic � Sorted � Unsorted � Metamorphic � Foliated � Unfoliated

Distribution of Elements in the Solar System �Elements in the Sun �Carbonaceous Chondrites �Elements in the Earth’s Core �Elements in the Earth’s Mantle �Elements in the Earth’s Crust �Elements in the Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

Minerals in Earths’ Crust �Oxygen = 46. 6 % �Silicon = 27. 7 % �Aluminum = 8. 1 % �Iron = 5 % �Calcium = 3. 6 % �Potassium = 2. 8 % �Magnesium = 2. 6 % �All Others = 1. 5 %

Mineral Identification �Mineral Classes �Silicates �Oxides �Carbonates �Sulfides �Sulphates �Halides �Phosphates �Hydroxides �Native Elements

Using Mineral Properties to Identify Minerals �Luster �Color and Streak �Hardness �Moh’s Scale of Hardness �Cleavage �Specific Gravity �Special Properties

Rock Texture �Random Crystalline Texture �Clastic Texture �Foliated Texture

Mineralogic Composition �Igneous Minerals �Sedimentary Minerals �Metamorphism �Recrystallization

Using Texture and Mineralogic Composition to Identify Rocks �Igneous Rocks �Intrusive �Extrusive �Pyroclastic �Sedimentary Rocks �Clastic �Nonclastic �Metamorphic Rocks �Foliated �Unfoliated

Igneous Rock Texture �Phaneritic �Coarse-Grained �Medium-Grained �Fine-Grained �Aphanitic �Glassy �Vesicular �Pyroclastic �Porphyritic

Igneous Mineral Composition �Felsic �Granite �Rhyolite �Mafic �Basalt �Gabbro �Intermediate �Diorite �Andesite

Bowen’s Reaction Series �Continuous Reaction Series �Discontinuous Reaction Series

Using Texture and Mineralogic Characteristics to Identify Igneous Rocks �Phaneritic �Amount of Quartz �Amount and Type of Feldspar �Ferromagnesian Minerals �Aphanitic �Texture �Color �Porphyritic �Phenocrysts

Sedimentary Rocks �Sediment Formation �Mechanical and Chemical Weathering �Sediment Transport �Water, Ice, Wind and Gravity �Sediment Deposition �Environment of Deposition

Environment of Deposition �Non-marine �Terrigenous �Lacustrine �Marine �Littoral �Pelagic �Transitional

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks �Sorting �Grain Size �Boulders �Pebbles �Sand �Silt �Clay �Rounding

Classification by Grain Size �Unsorted �Conglomerate �Breccia �Sorted �Quartz Sandstone �Arkose �Graywacke �Siltstone �Shale

Bio. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks �Micritic Limestone �Pelletal Limestone �Oolitic Limestone �Chalk �Fossiliferous Limestone �Coquina

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks �Precipitates �Limestone �Dolomite �Travertine �Chert �Evaporites �Gypsum �Halite

Other Compositions �Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks �Dolomite �Coal

Sedimentary Structures �Cross-Stratification �Graded Bedding �Ripple-Marks �Mud Cracks

Metamorphic Processes �Recrystallization �Crystallization �Rotation

Metamorphic Mineral Composition �Pelitic �Shale to Slate to Phylite to Schist to Gneiss �Arenaceous �Granite to Schist to Gneiss �Mafic �Andesite to Schist to Gneiss �Calcareous �Limestone to Marble

Conditions of Metamorphism �Contact Metamorphism �Regional Metamorphism

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks �Foliated �Slate �Phyllite �Schist �Gneiss �Unfoliated �Marble �Quartzite

Rock Cycle redux

Quiz � 1. T or F, rocks are made of minerals. � 2. T or F, igneous rocks are made of the weathered pieces of other rocks. � 3. T or F, a conglomerate is a sedimentary rock made up of various sized pieces. � 4. T or F, marble is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock. � 5. T or F, any type of rock can be converted into any other type of rock by various geologic processes.