NOVEMBER 7 2019 Turn in None Take out

NOVEMBER 7, 2019 Turn in: None Take out: * Spielvogel 744 -753 & 755 -757 * Place to take notes on our last ism Agenda: * Unification of Germany follow-up * Imperialism -last year -TB reading Objectives: Explore the rise of Nationalism in Europe & Latin America, including unifications of Germany & Italy and the creation of new borders on various LA states Upcoming dates: 11/8: ALL Research (4 SCs & 25 NCs) 11/12: TRS Handout-C & D 11/12: Unit #2 Exam 11/14: Full Research Proposal AND Works Cited (hard copy & turnitin) 11/18: Rough Draft (hard copy & turnitin) 11/21: Final Paper due by start of the period (hard copy & turnitin)–late papers will not be accepted; Process Packet with ALL pieces of the process due

Imperialism What is imperialism?

Colonization in steps Step 1: Europeans weren't able to colonize Africa 2 nd: Europeans engaged in the slave trade, leads to weakening of African strengths 3 rd: The Industrial Revolution 4 th: Social Darwinism 5 th: White Man's Burden

The Industrial Revolution 18 th and 19 th Century Europe New economic systems forced Europeans to look elsewhere for raw materials

Thesis Due to the mass production output, population growth, & societal revolutions caused by Industrialism & the rapid expansion of nationalism, the primate countries of Europe began to see themselves as superior to other world civilizations. Coupling that with an interest to maintaining the balance of power while rapid nation building was occurring on the Continent, these countries began establishing political hegemony and eventually empires throughout much of the known world. And while the merits, drawbacks, and desired outcomes can be argued ad nauseum today, it is undeniably clear that this rush to empire caused European to impact every continent in a socioeconomic, technological, & cultural manner.

Empires are relationships of political control imposed by some political societies over the effective sovereignty of other political societies. They include more than just formally annexed territories, but they encompass less than the sum of all forms of international inequality. Imperialism is the process of establishing and maintaining an empire. –Empires by M. Doyle

What is imperialism? - simplified • Imperialism: seizure of one country by a stronger one for economic and political gain • Industrialism + Nationalism = Imperialism

Imperialism - Why? • Europeans wanted raw material for their industries (technology and industry) • Wanted new markets for their goods (industry and trade) • Natural for Europe to want to expand (population and technological boom) • New ideas—evolution and germ theory led to ability to expand (a. more people to do it, b. those could claim they were spreading benefits of modern technology)

Imperialism - Why? • Racism (new theories on science, race and evolution) – Social Darwinism; “White Man’s Burden” (duty and right) • Also competed with each other – Rivalries between Britain, France and Germany led to colonization in Africa • Result: Africa and Asia were ripe targets for Europeans; the Americas were technically “closed” due to the Monroe Doctrine, so this led to Neocolonialism—exploitation through hegemony— more than Imperialism

Political Hegemony • Very few 19 th century empires begin with a direct invasion of one country over the other – Most start with some type of soft power (cultural, trade, etc. ) – Then for some reason migrate to hard power • This can be anything from trade disruption (British in India) to wanting to kick out a rival (also British in India) to a desire for natural resources (British in Egypt, etc. ) • Once a country or region has established some type of power (direct or indirect—hard or soft) and influence over another country or region, they are said to have hegemony – Influence of Sea Power Upon History (islands serves as “bases”) • Most modern empires are not empires of conquest, but rather empires of hegemony (USA today)

The Great Export Boom & limits of Progress • Liberalisms infrastructure + Progress + the rush for resources leads to Great Export Boom (1870 -1930) – Long sustained period of major economic growth • Examples: Mexican trade grew 900%; Brazil exports 2/3 rds of the world’s coffee; Argentina’s wheat production increases 1, 000 fold – Quantity of railroad track goes from 2, 000 miles to 59, 000 miles between 1870 -1900 – Rich get richer; natural resources become hot commodity of the day, still not much factory production (save 4 -5 cities) – Leads to a rise in the middle class

The Great Export Boom & limits of Progress • Limits: – All this hurts the small farmers who are now being forced to sell or being kicked off their land to make way for both commodities & Progress • Example: by 1910 only about 3% of Mexicans actually owned land – Forced into small sharecropping farming – Indigenous people who had fled from Europeans into the inner territories, also evicted – Countries often set up favorable tax systems to attract international corporations, hurting the poor & forcing them to pay higher taxes to compensate – i. e. Banana Republics • All this dovetails with Victorian values or gender roles, as well as new ideas like Social Darwinism…

Forms of Imperialism Forms Definition Example Colony A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French Colony Protectorate A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River Delta Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside Liberia was under the power claims exclusive sphere of influence of the investment or trading United States privileges Economic Imperialism An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments The Dole Fruit Company controlled the pineapple trade in Hawaii