NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS 8 PRONOUNS ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS

NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS 8 PRONOUNS ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS INTERJECTIONS Parts of Speech The Building Blocks of Writing

Nouns name: • a PERSON -(girl, teacher, employee • a PLACE -(school ) • a THING -(bus, coat, pizza, job • or an IDEA -(love, justice, thankfulness) 1 NOUN 1. Nouns can be • Common (not specific) (park, lake • Proper (specific)(Baker Park, Lake Lanier IDEA 2. Nouns are who or what sentences are about • Who played ball? Jack played ball. • What did Jack play? Jack played ball. THING PLACE 3. Nouns are usually SUBJECTS (Jack in the sentence above) or OBJECTS (ball in the sentence above). • A subject is the one doing the action (doing the playing, above), while an object is what or who is receiving the action. • SUBJECTS more often come at the beginning of a sentence and OBJECTS towards the end. PERSON

Verbs show action or link the subject to another word in the sentence. The police arrested the bank robber. 1. Verbs are the main part of the predicate • part of the sentence telling what the subject is doing, usually in the second half of the sentence Eager students rushed out the school doors. SUBJECT PREDICATE 2. Verbs can be broken down into three types: • ACTION (blows, screeches, takes, sings) • LINKING is, are, was, were, am, being, been, smell, look, taste, remain, feel, appear, sound, seem, become, grow, stand, turn • HELPING (shall, will, should, would, could, must, can, may, have, had, has, do, did, does http: //www. suite 101. com/view_image_articles. cfm/3007848 2 VERB ACTION LINKING HELPING

Pronouns substitute or take the place of nouns she (the woman); his (John’s); it (the statue) 1. Otherwise, sentences would sound quite funny… CLUMSY BETTER broke! 3 Julie took Julie’s umbrella to work today, and Julie’s umbrella dropped and broke! Julie took her umbrella to work today, and it dropped and 2. Some of the more common pronouns are I, me, mine, yours, he, him, his, she, hers, it, we, ours, us, they, theirs, them. PRONOUN PRONOUN

1. ADJECTIVES describe a noun or pronoun. (Sometimes we say they modify a noun or pronoun) • The colorful fish swam upstream. • Sam could only carry a few books because of her broken right arm. • I love the gorgeous weather we’ve been having in our beautiful state of Georgia! 2. Often, an adjective answers the following questions: what kind, how much, how many, or which one? The children had chocolate ice cream. 3. Adjectives called articles include words like a, an, the: a timeline, an apple, the answer 4. Adjectives may follow a verb such as is, seems, feels, or appears. The test seems difficult. My shirt appears dirty and torn. 4 ADJECTIVE PRONOUN ADJECTIVE NOUN ADJECTIVE

ADVERBS describe… • a VERB - Jackie left the game early. • an ADJECTIVE - That ride was scary! • or ANOTHER ADVERB - I very quietly tiptoed out. 5 ADVERB 1. Adverbs generally answer the following questions in a sentence: HOW, WHEN, WHERE, HOW OFTEN, HOW MUCH. 3. Sometimes we say that an adverb modifies. That means “describes” or gives more information about. 4. Many (though not all) adverbs end in ‘ly. ’ carefully, respectfully, nicely, eagerly, exactly, precisely, hungrily 5. Some negative words are adverbs, such as not, never, nowhere, rarely, hardly, barely J AD AD VE RB VERB ADVERB ADV ADVERB ADJ ECT IVE B VER

PREPOSITIONS show position or direction, or some other relationship between nouns or pronouns in a sentence. • The mouse snuck under the rug. • I found my purse at the service counter. 6 PREPOSITIONS 1. Prepositions ALWAYS BEGIN a phrase, called a prepositional phrase, which contains a noun or pronoun, plus other modifying words. { { behind the door among the crowd next to my house at her party 2. Some common prepositions are (though there are many more): about, above, by, across, after, against, along, around, at, between, before, beneath, by. down, during, except for, from, in, off, on, over, out, throughout, toward, under, until, upon, within PREPOSITION

CONJUNCTIONS connect single words or groups of words and/or phrases. • The test was long and hard! • We can rest here or go a little farther. • I would have gone, but I got sick. 1. Think of conjunctions as links. 7 CONJUNCTIONS 2. Three types of conjunctions exist: coordinating, correlative, subordinate * COORDINATING - connects equal words, phrases, or clauses Example: Robert scrubbed the floor and fell asleep. * CORRELATIVE - used in pairs to connect words or groups of words: either/or neither/nor Example: Either the dog obeys, or he’s gone! * SUBORDINATE - introduces a clause that cannot stand alone in a sentence (known as a dependent clause) Example: After seeing the sky, I knew it would storm. 3. Here a few sample conjunctions… and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, either/or, as/so, after, although, as, because, if, since, so, though, unless, until, when, where, while WORDS CONJUNCTION GROUPS OF WORDS/ PHRASES

INTERJECTIONS are words that show great emotion, feeling or surprise. They may be considered slang and are used more in conversation than in writing. Wow! Yuck! Yikes! Oh No! 1. Interjections are usually set off by commas or exclamation marks. Hey, you’re up early today! Yikes! That’s scary. 2. Using interjections in your writing provides excitement to your words, but overuse can cause your reader to become exhausted. 2. Some common interjections include the following: ah, aha, aw, bam, bang, bummer, cool, drats, eek, gee, gosh, grrr, ha, hey, hooray, oh boy, oh no, oops, ouch, pop, rats, ugh, uh huh, yeah, yuck, yum, well, whack, whew, wow 8 INTERJECTIONS

8 Parts of Speech Using them all together makes for interesting sentences, well written paragraphs, and memorable essays.