Noun Declensions 1 st mostly feminine with a

Noun Declensions • 1 st: mostly feminine, with a few masculine. – ancilla, poēta, aqua • 2 nd: masculine with a few feminine(-us, or -er) or neuter (um) – dominus, servus, templum, ātrium • 3 rd: all genders; usually with one stem in the nominative (with neuters, nominative and accusative) and another for the other cases – leō, leōnis; mīles, mīlitis; custōs, custōdis • 4 th: masculine (-us) and neuter (-ū) – gradus, portus, cornū • 5 th: feminine, except for diēs, which can be masculine or feminine

Dictionary Entries • The dictionary will give you the nominative singular, genitive singular and gender of a noun. To save space, the genitive singular can be abbreviated: – ancilla, ancillae f. OR ancilla, -ae f. – dominus, dominī m. OR dominus, dominī m. – mīles, mīlitis m. OR mīles, -itis m. • The genitive singular lets you know how the stem changes in a 3 rd declension noun and also tells you if a noun in –us is 2 nd, 3 rd or 4 th declension – servus, -ī m. v. vulnus, vulneris n. v. portus, -ūs m. • The vocabulary at the back of Cambridge Book 1 gives you the accusative singular instead because the genitive is not introduced until Book 2.

General Tips • The accusative singular in masculine and feminine nouns always ends in –m • The accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns always ends in -s – dominum, ancillam, mercātōrem – dominōs, ancillās, montēs • The genitive plural always ends in -um • Except in the 3 rd declension, the ablative singular always ends with the declension’s `signature vowel’ in its long form – dominōrum, ancillārum, montium – dominō, ancillā, gradū, diē • The dative and ablative plural are always the same and end in –īs or –bus • The neuter nominative and accusative are always the same • The neuter nominative/accusative plural always ends in –a – cum ancillīs, cum dominīs, sine mīlitibus, omnibus crēdite – forum est pulchrum, forum spectāmus – computātra nōn sunt animālia (so a word ending in –a isn’t always a singular, 1 st declension noun)

DERIVATION LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH oculus occhio ojo œil perīculum pericolo peligro péril vēritās, vēritātem nātiōnem āctor, āctōrem verità verdad vérité nazione nación nation attore actor acteur ENGLISH

DERIVATION LATIN ITALIAN SPANISH FRENCH ENGLISH oculus occhio ojo œil eye perīculum pericolo peligro péril peril vēritās, vēritātem nātiōnem āctor, āctōrem verità verdad vérité truth nazione nación nation attore actor acteur actor

1 st declension: ancilla, -ae (f. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural ancillae

1 st declension: ancilla, -ae (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive Dative Ablative

1 st declension: ancilla, -ae (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive ancillae ancillārum Dative Ablative

1 st declension: ancilla, -ae (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive ancillae ancillārum Dative ancillae ancillīs Ablative

1 st declension: ancilla, -ae (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative ancillae Accusative ancillam ancillās Genitive ancillae ancillārum Dative ancillae ancillīs Ablative ancillā ancillīs

1 st DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES • The Dat/Abl plural of fīlia (daughter) and dea (goddess) are fīliābus and deābus to avoid confusions with fīliīs (< fīlius, son) and deīs (< deus, god) • With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –ae (sing. ) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: – Rōmae, in Rome (but in urbe Rōmā, in the city of Rome) – Athēnīs, in Athens (but in urbe Athēnīs

2 nd declension: dominus, -ī (m. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural dominus dominī

2 nd declension: dominus, -ī (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive Dative Ablative

2 nd declension: dominus, -ī (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive dominī dominōrum Dative Ablative

2 nd declension: dominus, -ī (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive dominī dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Ablative

2 nd declension: dominus, -ī (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Accusative dominum dominōs Genitive dominī dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Ablative dominō dominīs

2 nd declension: templum, -ī (n. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural templum templa

2 nd declension: templum, -ī (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive Dative Ablative

2 nd declension: templum, -ī (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative Ablative

2 nd declension: templum, -ī (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Ablative

2 nd declension: templum, -ī (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Accusative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Ablative templō templīs

2 nd DECLENSION - IRREGULARITIES • With names of cities and small islands, the LOCATIVE endings –ī (sing. ) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: – Marcus Londiniī et Pompēiīs habitābat • Nouns in –us change to –e when the person is being addressed but the –us is simply dropped if `i’ precedes it (VOCATIVE case) Ad urbem, Marce et Iūlī, venīte! • A preceding `i’ may be dropped before the –ī of the GENITIVE and LOCATIVE Pater Iūlī Londinī habitat • The address (VOCATIVE) form of deus is the same as the nominative, while dī is often used instead of deī in the NOM plural, deum instead of deōrum in the GEN plural and dīs for deīs in the DAT and ABL plural. – Dī nōbīs favent • vir (man) uses vir- as the stem for all cases after the NOM/VOC singular • A few nouns in-er (eg. puer, magister, liber) similarly use that form for the NOM/VOC singular, then use this as the base for all the other endings, often dropping the `e’ also – Puer est in viā. Puerum videō (`e’ retained) – Magister est in tabernā. Magistrum audiō (`e’ dropped)

3 rd declension: leō, leōnis (m. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural leōnēs

3 rd declension: leō, leōnis (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: leō, leōnis (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: leō, leōnis (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Ablative

3 rd declension: leō, leōnis (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative leōnēs Accusative leōnem leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Ablative leōnibus

3 rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural nōmen nōmina

3 rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Ablative

3 rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Accusative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Ablative nōminibus

3 rd declension: Se. Xy nouns • 3 rd declension nouns ending in –s or–x with the same number of syllables in nominative and genitive singular (e. g cīvis, citizen; ignis, fire) or with a one-syllable nominative singular and a stem for the genitive ending in two consonants (urbs, urbis or nox, noctis) have the genitive plural in –ium: e, g, cīvium, urbium • These nouns also have an alternative accusative plural ending in –īs (e. g. cīvīs videō or cīvēs videō, I see the citizens). This ending, rarely used in beginners’ books, is quite common in Latin literature. • If the nominative and genitive singular are exactly the same, the ablative singular can end in –ī as well as in –e (e. g. cum cīvī or cum cīve (with a citizen), sine ignī or sine igne (without fire))

3 rd declension: civis, civis (m. , f. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural cīvis cīvēs

3 rd declension: civis, civis (m. , f. ) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: civis, civis (m. , f. ) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive cīvis cīvium Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: civis, civis (m. , f. ) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive cīvis cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Ablative

3 rd declension: civis, civis (m. , f. ) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Genitive cīvis cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Ablative cīve or cīvī cīvibus

3 rd declension: neuter nouns with –ia plural • Neuter nouns ending in –e, -al or –ar (e. g. mare, maris, sea; animal, animālis, animal) also have genitive plural nominative in –ium • They have nominative and accusative plural in –ia • Their ablative singular ALWAYS ends in -ī

3 rd declension: mare, maris (n. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural mare maria

3 rd declension: mare, maris (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative maria Accusative maria Genitive Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: mare, maris (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative maria Accusative maria Genitive maris marium Dative Ablative

3 rd declension: mare, maris (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative maria Accusative maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Ablative

3 rd declension: mare, maris (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative maria Accusative maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Ablative marī maribus

3 rd DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES • With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –e or -ī (sing. ) and –ibus (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: – Carthāgine habitābāmus – Novendracōnibus habitābam • bōs, bovis m/f, ox/cow: GEN plr. bovum or boum, DAT/ABL plr. bovibus, bubus or bobus • vīs f, force: only has ACCUS vim and ABL vī in singular; regular plr vīrēs, vīrium must be carefully distinguished from 2 nd declension vir, virī (man).

4 th declension: gradus, gradūs (m. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural gradus gradūs

4 th declension: gradus, gradūs (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive Dative Ablative

4 th declension: gradus, gradūs (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive gradūs graduum Dative Ablative

4 th declension: gradus, gradūs (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive gradūs graduum Dative graduī gradibus Ablative

4 th declension: gradus, gradūs (m. ) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Accusative gradum gradūs Genitive gradūs graduum Dative graduī gradibus Ablative gradū gradibus

4 th/2 nd declension: domus, domūs (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative domus domūs Accusative domum domōs/domūs Genitive domūs Dative Ablative domuum/domōru m domuī/dom domibus ō domō/domū domibus

NOTES ON DOMUS • The table of endings gives the commoner form first. Note that the genitive plural ending in –ōrum is found only in poetry and late prose writers • The table in Latin via Ovid (p. 127) gives domī as an alternative for the genitive singular. However, this only occurs in the 2 nd. Century B. C. dramatist Plautus, so the slide in this presentation (like many textbooks) omits it. • domī is, however, used as locative singular, following the standard 2 nd. declension pattern (there is no locative case in the 4 th. declension). domus is one of three common nouns (ie. not place names) which have a locative, the others being humus (locative: humī), ground, and rūs (locative: rūrī), countryside.

4 th declension: cornū, cornūs (n. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural cornū cornua

4 th declension: cornū, cornūs (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive Dative Ablative

4 th declension: cornū, cornūs (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative Ablative

4 th declension: cornū, cornūs (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornu(ī) cornibus Ablative

4 th declension: cornū, cornūs (n. ) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Accusative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornuī? cornū? cornibus Ablative cornū cornibus

5 th declension: rēs, reī (f. ) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Singular Plural rēs

5 th declension: rēs, reī (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive Dative Ablative

5 th declension: rēs, reī (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative Ablative

5 th declension: rēs, reī (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative reī rēbus Ablative

5 th declension: rēs, reī (f. ) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Accusative rem rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative reī rēbus Ablative rē rēbus