NOUN CLAUSES Grammar 3 Lecture 2 L Margo

NOUN CLAUSES Grammar 3 Lecture 2 L. Margo Arnold, presenter, By: Eman Alkatheery

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. It is used as a subject, an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, and a complement (table 7. 1. – p. 296). Never separate a noun clause from the main clause with commas or other punctuation marks since noun clauses are part of main clauses.

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses Noun clauses come at the beginning of a sentence or after certain nouns, adjectives, and verbs such as: Add Conclude Explain Illustrate Note Show Think Ask Believe Exclaim Find Hope Mention Say Wish Tell Remark Indicate Estimate

Eman Alkatheery Types of Noun Clauses 1. That clauses. It begins with (that). Example: She thought that the exam was cancelled. 2. Subjunctive clauses. It begins with (that). However, the verb of the noun clause is in the subjunctive mode. Example: It is urgent that Ali submit the report today.

Eman Alkatheery Types of Noun Clauses 3. If/Whether clauses. It begins with (if or whether). Example: The teacher wants to know if the students understood the formula. 4. WH-Question clauses. It begins with a question word e. g. where, what, who, when, or how. Example: I don’t know who she is.

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses Examples: Subject That Ahmad can fly is unbelievable. The story is unbelievable. Object of a verb People once believed that the world was flat. They believed the story.

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses Examples: Object of a preposition I listened to what he said. I listened to the story. Complement A major concern is how fast these changes are happening. A major concern is the fast changes. Practice 1, p. 297

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses PART ONE: CLAUSES WITH THAT; REPORTED SPEECH (PP. 295 – 303)

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with that A that clause can appear in different places: 1. After the independent clause verb: The student hopes that his excuse will be accepted. 2. After some adjectives: Example: glad, sad, happy, worried, sorry, …etc The class was happy that the teacher cancelled the exam.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with that 3. After some nouns: Example: idea, theory, opinion, claim, fact, etc. People didn’t believe theory that the Earth revolves around the sun. 4. At the beginning of a sentence: That Huda came late was predictable.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with that Examples: I think that she is a good writer. That Ahmad cheated in the exam was surprising. That Nawal needs a job is obvious. It is obvious that Nawal needs a job.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with that Examples: That Sarah has no friends is a pity. The teacher mentioned that China has a strong economy. I am glad that my sister passed the math exam. It did not surprise me that Huda was late.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with that Examples: I believe that motherhood is a big responsibility. That the sun rises from the east is a fact. The fact that the Earth revolves around the sun was proven.

Eman Alkatheery Quotations vs. Reported Speech Quotations are the exact words that a person has used to state something. They appear between quotation marks. In addition, quotations are preceded or followed by a comma. (Table 7. 2. , p. 299). We begin quotations with verbs such as say, tell, ask, wonder, remarked, stated, etc. Example: Susan said, “Chris is at work. ” “Chris is at work, ” Susan said.

Eman Alkatheery Quotations vs. Reported Speech Quoting more than one sentence: “My brother is a student. He studies at KSU, ” she said. “My brother is a student, ” she said. “He studies at KSU. ” Quoting a question or an exclamation: She asked, ”When will you be here? ” she asked. She said, “Watch out!”

Eman Alkatheery Quotations vs. Reported Speech Reported speech involves paraphrasing. You tell the same ideas but with different words. There is no need for commas or quotation marks. Also, some changes are required in reported speech. (Table 7. 2. , p. 299). Example: Susan said that Chris was at work. * Susan said Chris was at work. * That is optional in the middle of this sentence

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech If the verb in the main (independent) clause is in the past, the verb in the noun clause (dependent clause) is changed to one of the past tenses (Table 7. 3. , p. 299) Quoted speech “ I watch TV everyday. ” reported speech She said she watched TV everyday.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech Quoted Speech Reported Speech “I am watching TV “. Sarah said she was watching TV. “Chris is at work”. She mentioned that Chris was at work. “I haven’t finished yet”. She added she hadn’t finished yet.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech Quoted Speech Reported Speech “ I have watched TV. ” He said he had watched TV. “ I went home”. She told me that she had gone home. “I am going to exercise”. Ali remarked that he was going to exercise.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech Exceptions: In reporting technical or scientific facts, the present is generally used. “The world is round” The teacher said the world is round.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Verb Tense with Reported Speech Exceptions: If the verb in the main clause is in the present or the future, the noun clause is not changed. “ I watch TV every day”. She says she watches TV every day. She has said that she watches TV every day. She will say that she watches TV every day.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech In reported speech, some modal auxiliaries are changed to the past. (Table 7. 4 , p. 300) “Ann can help Chris. ” “John may help. ” She said that Ann could help Chris. She added John might help. “James will help Chris. ” She said that James would help Chris.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech Must: When must expresses necessity, you change it to the past. However, when it expresses probability, it does not change. “ Ann must help Chris. ” She said that Ann had to help Chris. “Susan must be tired. ” Joe said that Susan must be tired.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in Modal Auxiliaries with Reported Speech • If the modal auxiliary is already in the past, no changes are required. ‘Alex could help. ” He said Alex could help. ‘Alex would help. ” He said Alex would help. ‘Alex should help. ” He said Alex should help. ‘Alex ought to help. ” He said Alex ought to help. “Alex could have helped. ” He said Alex could have helped. Practice 2, p. 300

Eman Alkatheery Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech You also have to change pronouns and demonstratives in reported speech. (Table 7. 5 , p. 301). “ I need your help. ” She said she needed my help. “They need my help. ” She said that they needed her help. “These pages need to be corrected. ” She said that those pages needed to be corrected.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech “I am a computer programmer in San Francisco. I grew up in India. I helped design several web sites. My hobbies are reading and swimming. ” Molly said that she was a computer designer in San Francisco, but she had grown up in India. She had helped design several web sites. She added that her hobbies were reading and swimming.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech Time and place expressions may also change. (Table 7. 5 , p. 301) “We need the work now. ” She said that they needed the work then. “We will need the other pages tomorrow. ” She added that they would need the other pages the following day.

Eman Alkatheery Changes in pronouns, adjectives, and adverbials with Reported Speech Directional and time-related verbs may also change according to when and where the reported speech occurs. (Table 7. 5 , p. 301) “You should bring them here when you come to work. ” He said that I should take them there when I went to work.

Eman Alkatheery Changing Commands to Reported Speech To change a direct command to a reported statement, an appropriate subject and modal must be added e. g. should. (Table 7. 6, p. 301). “Finish your report by 10. ” My manager told me that I should finish my report by 10. “Be sure to proofread it. ” My manager said that I should be sure to proofread it. “Make ten copies. ” The teacher added that I should make ten copies.

Eman Alkatheery Changing Commands to Reported Speech Other modals can be used in reported commands depending on the strength of the command e, g. must, have to, need to, …etc. “Stop it!” My mother said that I should stop it. “Clean your room. ” My mother said that I had to clean my room. “Limit your time on the internet. ” Dad told me that I had to limit my time on the internet. Practice 3 – p. 302

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses PART TWO: CLAUSES WITH EMBEDDED QUESTIONS (PP. 304 – 310)

Clauses with Embedded Questions Information questions can be used as noun clauses. Questions words such as what, when, why, … are used to begin such clauses. The subject precedes the verb like in statements. Auxiliary verbs added to form the questions are not used in forming noun clauses. (Table 7. 7 , p. 305)

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with Embedded Questions Where does she live? I don’t know where she lives. What did he say? I couldn’t hear what he said. How much will you make? She wants to know how much I’ll make. How old is Salma? She wondered how old Salma is.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with Embedded Questions What time is it? Do you know what time it is? I don’t know what time it is. Do you remember where the Where is the lecture? lecture is? Where is the lecture? I am not sure where the lecture is.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with Embedded Questions What did she say? What she said surprised me. When do they arrive? Do you know when they arrive? Whose pen is this? Do you know whose pen this is? Which one do you want? Can you tell me which one you want? Practice 1, p. 306

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with Embedded Questions Exercise: Combine the two clauses into one sentence using a noun clause: 1. Where is the bank? Could you tell me 2. What time does the next bus come? Can you tell me 3. Where did Sara go last night? Do you know 4. Where is the nearest super market? Do you know 5. How do you make a noun clause? Could you explain

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with Embedded Questions • Answers: 1. Could you tell me where the bank is? 2. Can you tell me what time the next bus comes? 3. Do you know where Sara went last night? 4. Do you know where the nearest super market is? 5. Could you explain how you make a noun clause?

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with Embedded Questions P. 305 table 7. 7 Why did you leave your last job? She asked me why I had left my last job. The tense is changed because it is a reported question and the verb of the main clause is in the past.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with if / whether Yes/no questions can be used as noun clauses. If / whether are used to begin such clauses. The subject must come before the verb. Auxiliary verbs added to form the questions are not used in forming noun clauses.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with if / whether • If is used in both conversational and formal English. It implies that there is a yes/no answer. • Whether is used in formal English. It implies choice among alternatives. (Table 7. 8 , p. 306)

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with if / whether Do they have any job openings? I want to know if they have any job openings. Do you know if the Is the manager here now? manager is here now? Will she come? I don’t know if she will come. Does Hassan need help? I asked if Hassan needed help. * *It is a reported question. The tense is changed to the past

Eman Alkatheery Clauses with if / whether Should Nada talk to I want to know whether Nada should the manager? talk to the manager (or not). Does she need an appointment? I would like to know whether she needs an appointment (or not). Will she come? Do you know whether she will come (or not) ? Does he need help? I wonder whether (or not) he needs help. Practice 2, p. 307

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses PART THREE: STATEMENTS AND REQUESTS OF URGENCY (PP. 311– 316)

Eman Alkatheery Statement of urgency with that The subjunctive mood is used to replace commands. It is softer and less direct. The subjunctive form is the simple form of the verb, and modals are not used. (Table 7. 9. , p. 312)

Eman Alkatheery Statement of urgency with that You put that, the subject, and the subjunctive after these adjectives (adjectives of urgency): Advisable Vital Necessary Imperative Best Urgent Desirable Important Crucial Essential If the statement is negative, the word (not) comes before the verb

Eman Alkatheery Statement of urgency with that Be on time! It is crucial that you be on time. Don’t arrive late! It is important that you not arrive late. Discuss the matter! It is urgent that they discuss the matter. Make a decision immediately! It is vital that she make a decision immediately. Practice 1, p. 312

Eman Alkatheery Statement of urgency with that • Compare: • It is predictable that Noura will come late. • It is obvious that Ali needs a job. • It is urgent that Ali get a job. • It is important that Ahmad study for the exam.

Eman Alkatheery Statement of urgency with that • Exercise: • Change the following commands into statements of urgency by using the given adjectives. • Crucial, important, urgent • “Study for the exam, Ahmad. ” • “Arrange the files alphabetically. ” • “Wash your car. ”

Eman Alkatheery Urgent Requests with that The subjunctive is also used with noun clauses with that after certain verbs of requests. This form of request is formal and polite. The subjunctive form is the simple form of the verb, and modals are not used.

Eman Alkatheery Urgent Requests with that You put that, the subject, and the subjunctive after these verbs: (Table 7. 10. , p. 313) Advise* ask* command* require* desire propose recommend suggest request urge* demand insist *They can be followed by both subjunctives and infinitives.

Eman Alkatheery Urgent Requests with that Hand in the papers. The teacher demanded that students hand in the papers. Stay home with your children. I advise that she stay home with her children. Be aware of the problems. The boss recommends that we be aware of problems. Be on time. The manager insists that workers be on time. Practice 2, p. 313

Eman Alkatheery Urgent Requests with that Don’t go to the party. Get eight hours of sleep at night. My mother insisted that I not go to the party. The doctor insists that every child get eight hours of sleep at night. Forbid all forms of The union urged that the company discrimination. forbid all forms of discrimination. Give one-month vacation. The union recommended that the company give one-month vacation.

Eman Alkatheery Urgent Requests with that Attend the meeting. We asked the manager to attend the meeting. Get eight hours of sleep at night. The doctor advised every child to get eight hours of sleep at night. Forbid all forms of The union urged the company to discrimination. forbid all forms of discrimination. Give one-month vacation. The union commanded the company to give one-month vacation. * The infinitive is used as a form of reduction to the noun clause. It is used in informal English after these verbs: command, advise, ask, require, and urge.

Eman Alkatheery Urgent Requests with that • Exercise: • Change the following commands into urgent requests by using the given verbs. • demand, suggest, urge • “Study for the exam, Ahmad. ” • “Arrange the files alphabetically. ” • “Wash your car. ”

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses PART FOUR: CLAUSES AS SUBJECTS OF SENTENCES (PP. 316– 321)

Eman Alkatheery Clauses as subjects of sentences. A noun clause may be used as the subject of a sentence. It must begin with a connecting word (That, whether, if), and take a singular verb. (table 7. 11, p. 317) That he is a troublemaker is certain. What he is known for is his mistakes.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses as subjects of sentences. Whether they need the car seems uncertain. Where I will be working concerns me because I have no car. What they do makes them popular. That my children eat well is important to me.

Eman Alkatheery Clauses as subjects of sentences. What she is doing bothers me. Whether the manager decided to give me a raise or not worries me. That Harry is not happy was obvious. Practice 1, p. 317

Eman Alkatheery Anticipatory it + Clauses with that In some cases a noun clause ( the subject) comes at the end of the sentence, and (Anticipatory it ) comes at the beginning of the sentence. Anticipatory it + noun clause is common in conversational English. (table 7. 12. , p. 318) Example: That Salwa missed the exam is strange. It is strange that Salwa missed the exam.

Eman Alkatheery Anticipatory it + Clauses with that Example: It is strange that Salwa missed the exam. Remember: Anticipatory it + adjectives of urgency are always followed by verbs in the subjunctive mood. It is crucial that you be on time.

Eman Alkatheery Anticipatory it + Clauses with that That Nawal needs a job is obvious. It is obvious that Nawal needs a job. That Huda comes late is predictable. It is predictable that Huda comes late. That Ali be on time is crucial. It is crucial that Ali be on time. Practice 3, p. 319

Eman Alkatheery Noun Clauses PART FIVE: REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES TO INFINITIVE PHRASES (PP. 321– 310)

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Indirect Commands can be reduced to infinitive phrases in reported speech. (table 7. 14. , p. 325). The verb (say) does not take a noun or pronoun as its object before the noun clause or the infinitive phrase. However, the verb (tell) must take a noun or a pronoun as its object before the noun clause or the infinitive phrase. Some verbs such as advise, urge, command, …. Follow the same pattern of verb (tell).

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Indirect Commands command Stop it! Reported command She said that we should stop it. Infinitive phrase She said to stop it. Finish the work. She told us that we should finish the work. She told us to finish the work. Do a good job. She told us to do a good job. She told us that we should do a good job.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Requests for Action Yes / no questions are sometimes used as requests of action. (table 7. 15. , p. 325) Could you help me? If they are turned into noun clauses, they can be reduced into infinitive phrases. The object must be used with the infinitive phrase. She asked (me) if I could help her. She asked me to help her.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of requests of Action Request of action Reported speech Infinitive phrase Could you help me? She asked (me) She asked me if I could help to help her. Could you lend me 5$? She asked (me) She asked me if I could lend to lend her 5$.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Requests for Permission Yes / no questions are sometimes used as requests for permission. (table 7. 15. , p. 325) Could I take your pen? If they are turned into noun clauses, they can be reduced into infinitive phrases. The object is not used with the infinitive phrase. She asked (me) if she could take my pen. She asked to take my pen.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Requests for Permission Request of action Can I leave early? Reported speech Infinitive phrase Sarah asked (me) if She asked to she could leave early. Sarah asked (me) if She asked to Could I turn she could turn on the light? light.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Requests for Permission • Compare: • She asked to take the pen. • Can I take the pen? (Permission) • She asked me to take the pen. • Would you take the pen? (action)

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Embedded questions Embedded yes/ no questions with auxiliaries can be reduced into infinitive phrases. (table 7. 16, p. 326) Should I come early? Jay asked if he should come early. In reduced Yes/no questions, whether (or not) is always used with infinitive phrases. The speaker and the subject of the question must be the same. Jay asked whether to come early.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Embedded questions • Compare: • Should I submit the paper on Tuesday? • Should Sarah submit the paper on Tuesday? • Ali Asked if he should submit the paper on Tuesday. • Ali Asked if Sarah should submit the paper on Tuesday. • Ali asked whether to submit the paper on Tuesday. • The second one can’t be turned into an infinitive phrase because the subject of the main clause is different from the subject of the noun clause.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Embedded questions Embedded Wh-questions can be reduced into infinitive phrases. (table 7. 16, p. 326) (Practice 4 & 5, p. 326) Which pages should I read? Jay asked (her) which pages he should read. In reduced Wh-questions, information question words (or wh-words) such as where, when, what, … are always used with infinitive phrases. The speaker and the subject of the question must be the same. Jay asked (her) which pages to read.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Embedded questions • Compare: • When am I going to Egypt? • When are they going to Egypt? • Ali Asked when he is going to Egypt. • Ali Asked when they are going to Egypt. • Ali asked when to go to Egypt. • The second one can’t be turned into an infinitive phrase because the subject of the main clause is different from the subject of the noun clause.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Statements of Urgency Statements of urgency can be reduced into infinitive phrases. (table 7. 13, p. 323) It is important that she call. It is important for her to call. It is necessary that I eat well. It is necessary for me to eat well. It was essential that he have the money It was essential for him to have the money.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Urgent Requests Some urgent requests can be used with infinitive phrases. Only the following verbs of requests can be used with infinitive phrases (table 7. 13, p. 323) Practice 1, p. 323 advise, urge, command, require, ask I will advise that he call right away. I will advise him to call right away. He urged that I see a doctor. He urged me to see a doctor.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Urgent Requests • Attend the meeting. • We asked that the manager attend the meeting. • We asked the manager to attend the meeting. • Get eight hours of sleep at night. • The doctor advised that every child get eight hours of sleep at night. • The doctor advised every child to get eight hours of sleep at night. * The infinitive is used as a form of reduction to the noun clause. It is used in informal English after these verbs: command, advise, ask, require, and urge.

Eman Alkatheery Reduction of Urgent Requests • Forbid all forms of discrimination. • The union urged that the company forbid all forms of discrimination. • The union urged the company to forbid all forms of discrimination. • Give one-month vacation. • The union commanded that the company give one-month vacation. • The union commanded the company to give one-month vacation.