Notice experience patterns in spelling lets make Spelling

Notice & experience patterns in spelling & let’s make Spelling rules!

Look & sound • • • hat – hate + about pet – Pete + believe sit – site hop – hope + cow hug – huge shy & why + silly & funny gym & rhythm

Which of these letters change their sounds? a e i o u y Bcd f g h jklmn p qrst vwx z

C and G sounds GA-GO-CA-CO are hard sounds Cool gangs can go while GE-GI-CE-CI are soft sounds Gentle giants celebrate in circles

Blend Chart bl br blocks brush dr fl drum flower gr pl grapes plum sk sl skis slide sp st spoon cl star tw twigs cr clock crab fr gl frog gloves pr sc prize scales sm sn smile snake sw tr swim tree

Look at and sound these consonant clusters • • T+h = th P+h= f C+h = ch S+h = sh And write words which contain these consonant clusters:

Silent consonants Which letters (in green) do not sound in the words below? know knock knight right night mechanical chemistry yacht

Notice when we use an • My partner shares • My partners share • My partner’s share (= s/he is sharing) (= they are sharing) (= the share that belongs to my partner) • My partners’ shares (=the share that belongs to them)

Plural, Possessive, or Third Person Which one is which? • • My dog’s run My dog runs My dogs’ runs My dogs run S * plural S * possessive S * plural + possessive S * third person S

1 -PLURAL of nouns (5 slides) . share – shares meeting – meetings sale – sales employee – employees interest – interests objective - objectives -------------------------------Hissing sounds clue: say these words ending in -ce, -se, -ge, -ze price – prices rise – rises advantage – advantages prize –prizes ----------------ending in -ss, -ch, -sh, -x boss – bosses business – businesses LIKE: churches brushes kisses taxes indexes

Singular and Plurals The plural ending of nouns is usually –s. ------------------------------Hissing sounds Words ending in -ce, -se, -ge, -ze, add –s for plural and sound an extra syllable. ---------------------Words ending in -ss, -ch, -sh, -x gain –es in the plural form and sound an extra syllable.

2 -Plural of nouns ending in -o Clue : tomato – tomatoes LIKE: potatoes cargoes echoes heroes mementoes mottoes vetoes dominoes buffaloes mosquitoes tornadoes volcanoes EXCEPT FOR SOME WORDS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN: folios memos zeros kilos photos pianos

Nouns ending in –o gain –es in the plural form, except for words of foreign origin.

3 - Plural of nouns from Greek & Latin phenomenon - phenomena criterion - criteria erratum - errata datum - data memorandum - memoranda medium - media fungus - fungi stimulus - stimuli alumnus - alumni crisis - crises basis – bases thesis - theses appendix - appendices

4 -Plural of nouns ending in -y Say these words: Clue : country – countries LIKE: enquiries factories possibilities industries deliveries apologies inventories responsibilities penalties Clue: fly – flies LIKE: supplies replies spies BUT: boys days donkeys guys

Nouns ending in consonant + -y drop the y and gain –ies in the plural form. Country Autonomy Cry Pry Strategy Affinity Assembly Berry Casualty Facility Feasibility Ability Try Imagery

5 - Plural of 13 nouns ending in -f or –fe Say these words: elf, shelf –> -elves half, calf – > -alves life, wife, knife –> -ives thief, leaf, sheaf, loaf, woolf -> -ves Clue: ONLY THESE, NOT others like: belief – beliefs chief – chiefs safe – safes roof – roofs and: scarf - scarfs/scarves hoof – hoofs/hooves wharf - wharfs/wharves dwarf - dwarfs/dwarves F

Only the following 13 nouns change their ending in –f or –fe for –ves in the plural form: elf shelf half calf life wife knife thief loaf and leaf wolf. 1/2 Some words can have both endings ves or s: scarf - scarfs/scarves wharf - wharfs/wharves dwarf - dwarfs/dwarves

6 - Collective nouns a/1, 2, 3/some…fish/deer/sheep/cattle/moose/salmon & Uncountable nouns Clue - general substance: paper sand glass wood & bread fruit meat etc. Clue - abstract: experience horror fear help relief work etc. Clue - generalities: damage shopping baggage luggage camping parking furniture weather hair rubbish Say this: -> A piece of information… advice/ knowledge/ baggage/ furniture -> the news is good -> a bit of news -> a sheet of paper -> a grain of sand -> a pane of glass -> a pot of jam Questions: - would you use much or many before collective nouns? - would you use much or many before uncountable nouns? - What is the plural of a person?

*No –s after: fish, sheep, deer, cattle and salmon & words describing substance, abstract concepts and generalities. *Use many for countable nouns (collective or not) and much for uncountable nouns. *And remember: One person Many people

Match singulars and plurals Deer Salmon Sheep Salmon Deer Fill in the blanks: He needs a lot of information… (plural) but I don’t have ………. ( many/much) to give him, except for one or two detail… (plural)

Double consonants Clue: 1 syllable words ending in how many vowels and consonant? Hit+ing = hitting chat+ed = chatted run+er = runner but: keep – keeping help – helped love - lover Clue: 2 -3 syllable words, look at where the emphasis is: acquit + ed = acquitted begin + er = beginner deter + ed = deterred recur + ing = recurring but: answer – answering Exceptions: Handicapped, worshipped, kidnapped

Double the last consonant before any suffix, but only with: - 1 syllable words ending in 1 vowel and 1 consonant - 2 or 3 syllable words when the emphasis is on the last syllable

1) Explain why running has 2 Ns 2) Explain why beginning has 2 Ns 3) Where is American and British spelling different here? Can you guess the rule? American spelling: Signaling beginning of running British spelling: Signalling beginning of running

Look at the differences between American English/British English: • signaling/signalling • counseling/counselling • traveling/travelling • jewelry/jewellery In British English, words ending in vowel+L gain an extra L before adding a suffix. In American usage, the final L is doubled only when the stress is NOT on the first syllable: Annulled, controlled, patrolled But note: • Skillful/skilful • enroll/enrol

Adding suffixes –able and –ous Clue: remember GA-GO-CA-CO are hard sounds while GE-GI-CE-CI are soft sounds Say these words: Manage – manageable, Replace – replaceable Trace – traceable, etc. And Courage – courageous Gorge – gorgeous But Grace – gracious Space spacious

Words ending in -ce or –ge keep the e before a suffix beginning with a or o (so as to make a soft sound). Soft Hard Words ending in –ce change e into i before the suffix –ous.

Clue : ll -> l Adding suffixes: -ful, -ies/-ily/ier beauty (+ full) = beautiful use (+ full) = useful AND skill (+ full) = skillful/skilful* full + fill = fulfil ------------------------------------Clue: consonant+y -> -ied/-ily/-ier but y+ing carry + ed = carried happy + ly = happily sunny + er = sunnier BUT carry + ing = carrying hurry + ing = hurrying Not: play (played, player, playing - playful)

The suffix –ful (meaning full, opposite of -less) always drops one l, and *in British, if the word to which the suffix -ful is added ends in -ll, then it also drops an l. --------------------------------words ending in consonant + y (just like with adding plural –s) change y into i before any suffix except –ing.

When ie or ei sounds ee Clue: say the words and the underlined sound believe chief field achieve piece shriek … deceive receipt receive Except: seize (ei not after c) either neither (which have 2 pronunciations) weir (level change in water flow) weird (sound eir) heinous (heinous crime = evil, very bad) (sound a: )

i before e to make the sound ee except after c Exceptions: seize either neither heinous weir and weird

When do we use hyphens? co-operate clue: say the word re-cover clue: meaning (here: cover again, not return to normal state) on a first-come-first-served basis (pl. bases) do-it-yourself shop/s clue: describing a noun five-year-old child/ren six-foot wall/s ten-ton vehicle/s five-minute interval/s low-flying aircraft/s quick-dissolving sugar/s

Hyphens are necessary: • When pronunciation or meaning might be unclear without them • When words form a compound, describing a noun (adjectival or adverbial). Note that the compound is never in the plural form, only the noun. -? Hyphen or not? If in doubt, it is better to omit hyphens.

Well done! Spelling rules!

Now, go over all the slides again to remind yourselves of all the helpful rules and patterns you noticed!

Practice: Ask someone to quiz you on each slide: Slide 1 -4: letter sounds 12. 13: special plural forms 5: consonant blends with –o 6: consonant clusters 14: greek and latin plurals 7: silent consonants 15, 16: plural with –y 8, 9: the use of S for the 17, 18: plurals with –f/fe Third Person, 19, 20, 21: collective and for the Plural, and for the uncountable nouns Possessive singular and 22 -31 : adding a suffix plural 32, 33: i before e 10, 11: special plural forms 34 -35: hyphens with –ce/se/ge/ze and –ss/ch/sh/x