Notes Points Name Period Points Earned Chapter 22

Notes Points Name _________________ Period _______ Points Earned Chapter 22. 3 Notes Points Possible Highlight Key Words/Phrases 2 Copy Notes: pictures + color + label 20 Questions: 20 questions + arrows 10 Summary: 2 paragraph(s) 10 Drawings: 2 drawing(s) 4 J. Nguyen – Physical Science TOTAL 46

Chapter 22 Standards 4 a. Students know the relative amount of incoming solar energy compared with Earth’s internal energy and the energy used by society. 4 b. Students know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflection, absorption, and photosynthesis. 4 c. Students know the different atmospheric gases that absorb the Earth’s thermal radiation and the mechanism and significance of the greenhouse effect. 5 a. Students know how differential heating of Earth results in circulation patterns in the atmosphere and oceans that globally distribute the heat. 5 b. Students know the relationship between the rotation of Earth and the circular motions of ocean currents and air in pressure centers. 5 c. Students know the origin and effects of temperature inversions. 6 c. Students know how Earth’s climate has changed over time, corresponding to changes in Earth’s geography, atmospheric composition, and other factors, such as solar radiation and plate movement. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

Chapter 22. 3 – The Atmosphere J. Nguyen – Physical Science

I. 22. 1 & 22. 2 Review J. Nguyen – Physical Science

A. The Atmosphere 1. What is it? a. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth. 2. What is it made of? a. A mixture of chemical elements and compounds commonly called air. 3. What is the purpose of it? a. Protects Earth’s surface from the sun’s radiation and helps regulate Earth’s temperature. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

B. The Composition of Atmosphere 1. The most abundant elements in air are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon gases. 2. The two most abundant compounds in air are carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water vapor (H 2 O). 3. There also tiny solid particles called particulates. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

C. Layers of the Atmosphere 1. Altitude is the height above the earth’s surface. 2. There are temperature differences with increasing altitude. 3. Based on the temperature differences, scientists identify four layers of the atmosphere: -troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere (ionosphere & exosphere) J. Nguyen – Physical Science

Color and label the picture. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

1. D. Temperature Inversion In the troposphere, temperature usually decreases with an increase in altitude. a. Warm air is closer to Earth’s surface and the cooler layer is on top. 2. Temperature inversion is a weather condition where the layering of warm air is on top of cool air. a. Cool air is closer to Earth’s surface and the warm layer is on top. 3. Effect of temperature inversion is that it can make air pollution worse by “trapping” that pollution. J. Nguyen – Physical Science Color the picture. Temperature Inversion

E. Energy in the Atmosphere 1. Energy = Heat = Warmth from the Sun 2. Our atmosphere gets heated in three ways: a. Radiation is the energy that earth receives from the sun. b. Conduction is the heating that occurs because molecules in a substance move faster as they become heated; the closer the molecules the warmer the heat. c. Convection is the process by which air, or other matter, rises or sinks because of differences in temperature. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

3. Not all radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere. a. about 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere b. about 30% is scattered into space or is reflected from the clouds or earth’s surface. c. about 50% is absorbed by earth’s surface. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

F. Absorption and Infrared Energy 1. The sun constantly releases radiation. 2. Solar radiation that is not reflected is absorbed by rocks, soil, water and other surface materials. 3. The absorption of solar radiation warms up the Earth. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

1. G. Greenhouse Effect One of the ways in which gases of the atmosphere absorb and reradiate infrared rays can be compared to a greenhouse. 2. The greenhouse effect is the natural heating of the earth’s surface caused by certain atmospheric gases. a. greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons. 3. Life couldn’t exist on Earth without the greenhouse effect. Color the picture. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

H. Variations in Temperature 1. Radiation from the sun does not heat Earth equally at all places at all times. 2. The temperature of the atmosphere in any region on Earth’s surface depends on several factors: a. Earth’s tilt & latitude b. surface features c. time of year and day d. wind patterns J. Nguyen – Physical Science

I. Formation of the Atmosphere 1. 2. 3. 4. Early earth had only hydrogen and helium gases in the atmosphere. Earth’s surface continued to form due to plate tectonics which caused many different features such as volcanoes and earthquakes. Volcanic eruptions lead to an outgassing (release) of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other gases into the changing atmosphere. Radiation also broke down some elements and compounds which changed the atmosphere. J. Nguyen – Physical Science Color the picture.

Ø Write 10 questions for this section. Ø Highlight key words and phrases. Ø Draw a picture. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

Summary (one paragraph) – Page 3 The atmosphere is _____________. The four layers of the atmosphere are ___________, and ______. Our atmosphere gets heated in three ways: _____, _____ and _____. Radiation is ______________. Conduction is ____________. Convection is ______________. Volcanic eruptions lead to an ______ (release) of gases such as ______ and _______. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

II. 22. 3 Atmospheric Circulation J. Nguyen – Physical Science

1. 2. 3. A. Wind is caused by the movement of air from an area of high pressure to low pressure. Air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air above. The greater the difference in pressure, the stronger the wind. LOW PRESSURE J. Nguyen – Physical Science HIGH PRESSURE

B. Convection Cells 1. Air moves in convection cells with cells moving from an area of high pressure to low pressure or from an area of cold air to hot air. 2. It is a continuous cycle. Color and label the picture. NORTH and SOUTH POLES are COLD!!!!! EQUATOR is HOT J. Nguyen – Physical Science

C. The Coriolis Effect 1. Because the earth rotates on its axis, we have 12 convection cells where the air flows in curves, not straight lines. 2. Coriolis Effect is the tendency of an object (air) to follow a curved path rather than a straight path because of the rotation of Earth. J. Nguyen – Physical Science Color the picture.

D. Global Winds 1. Each convection cell correlates to an area of Earth’s surface called a wind belt which is also called prevailing winds. 2. Each wind belt (trade winds, westerlies and easterlies) has wind that flows in one direction. 3. Winds are named by the direction from which they flow. a. Northwest winds means the wind originated or came from the northwest. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

E. Trade Winds 1. Winds that move toward the equator. 2. These winds curve toward the west. 3. Found between 30° N and 30° S latitude. Called trade winds because many trading ships sailed on these winds from Europe in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. TRADE WINDS J. Nguyen – Physical Science

F. Westerlies 1. Winds that move toward the poles. 2. These winds curve toward the east. 3. Found between 30° and 60° latitude. WESTERLIES J. Nguyen – Physical Science

G. Easterlies 1. Winds that begin at the cold north and south poles. 2. These winds curve toward the west. 3. Found between 60° and 90° latitude. EASTERLIES J. Nguyen – Physical Science

Ø Write 10 questions for this section. Ø You should have a total of 20 questions. Ø Highlight key words and phrases. Ø Draw a picture. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

Summary (two paragraphs) – Page 4 Wind is ________________. Air pressure is ____________. Air moves from ______ pressure to _______ pressure. The Coriolis effect is __________________. Wind belt is ______________. The three wind belts are ____________, and ______. Winds are named for the direction _______ which they blow. J. Nguyen – Physical Science

Notes Points Name _________________ Period _______ Points Earned Chapter 22. 3 Notes Points Possible Highlight Key Words/Phrases 2 Copy Notes: pictures + color + label 20 Questions: 20 questions + arrows 10 Summary: 2 paragraph(s) 10 Drawings: 2 drawing(s) 4 J. Nguyen – Physical Science TOTAL 46