Notes Hand in any Sims All Sims should

Notes • Hand in any Sims. (All Sims should be completed from packet). • Dev. Quiz Retake is still open. • Graded FRQ is open and due Monday Night. • AGENDA – Review Moral Development – Erikson’s Social Development Intro • Practice?

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 1. Infants 9. Industry/Competence v. 2. Toddler Inferiority 10. Integrity v. Despair 3. Preschool 4. Elementary School 11. Initiative v. Guilt 12. Generatvity v. Toddlers Stagnation 5. Adolescence 13. Autonomy v. Shame & 6. Early Adulthood Doubt 14. Identity v. Role 7. Middle Age Confusion 8. Old Age 15. Trust v. Mistrust 16. Intimacy v. Isolation 17. Was my life meaningful? 18. Are my ideas acceptable? 19. Is the world a trusting place? 20. Am I ready to help others? 21. Am I ready for meaningful relationships? 22. Can I be independent? 23. What am I good at? 24. Who Am I? Write the numbers from columns two and three next to the age in which these stages/questions generally occur.

Developing Morality Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life? ” He found stages of moral development. 3

Moral Thinking 1. 2. 3. Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. 4

Moral Thinking 1. 2. 3. Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. 5

Pre, Conventional, or Post • Heinz should steal the drug because life is the most important thing regardless of the law or what the group thinks. • Heinz should not steal the drug because he might be caught and sent to jail. • Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because it is against the law and laws are necessary for society. • It is right for Heinz to steal the drug because it can cure his wife and then he would not be all alone. • Heinz should steal the drug because it is what a good husband would do.

• Carter doesn’t use drugs because she doesn’t want to be a “druggy. ” • Marty doesn’t use drugs because he doesn’t want to get in trouble. • Harlow uses drugs because he thinks altering your state of consciousness is an individual right regardless of laws or norms. • Concord doesn’t use drugs because your health is the most important thing. He believes your body is a temple and should be respected. • Sammy uses drugs because all her friends do, so it can’t be that bad. • Katrina uses drugs because it makes her feel good. • Dusty doesn’t use drugs because it is against the law and society needs laws to function.

Physical Development Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males. 9

Primary Sexual Characteristics During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly. Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works 10

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Also secondary sexual characteristics—the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes. 11

Frontal Cortex During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness. 12

Middle Adulthood Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties. Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility. Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles. 13

Old Age: Sensory Abilities After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks. 14

Old Age: Motor Abilities At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70 -year-old is no match for a 20 year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age. 15

Aging and Memory Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. 16

Aging and Memory As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult. 17

Aging and Intelligence Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not. 18

Old Age: Dementia General term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life Dementia is not a normal part of growing old. Alan Oddie/ Photo. Edit 19

Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease; a brain disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. -Most common form of dementia symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior -Abnormal Plaques (clumps) and tangles in the brain Loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. At risk Alzheimer

Aging and Other Abilities A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age. 21

Moral Action Moral action involves doing the right thing. People who engage in doing the right thing develop empathy for others and the self-discipline to resist their own impulses. 22

Erikson’s Stages of Social Development • Believes that each different stage in life involves a different struggle that must be overcome • Difficulty with one of these struggles predicts difficulty in social development

Trust v. Mistrust • First Year • Infants learn to trust their needs will be met by the world, especially by mother • Or they learn to mistrust the world • Dependent on everything • If needs are meet Basic Trust develops

Hazards • Neglect, Abuse, deprivation of love, • Harsh or early weaning

Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt • Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others? • 2 -3 years of age • Start to see themselves as autonomous from parent • Or they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves

Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt • Me do! • Must be allowed to try things on their own • First time you want to dress yourself • Then you struggle • Look to your parents for support

Hazards • Conditions that create feelings of inadequacy • Pressure with skills like toilet training Ooops…

Initiative v. Guilt • Are my ideas good or bad? • 3 rd-5 th year • Period of vigorous reality testing • Imagination and imitation of adult behavior • Right v. Wrong develop • Dress up in adult clothes • If not allowed initiative they feel guilty for their attempts at independence

Hazards • Overly strict discipline • Limits to spontaneous play • Rigid ethical attitudes which interfere with the child’s spontaneity • Lack of opportunity for creativity

Competence v. Inferiority (Industry) • Am I successful or worthless? • 6 -11 years • Children develop a sense of industry and curiosity • Are eager to learn • Or they feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them

Competence v. Inferiority • Start comparing yourself to your peers • Interested in real tasks • Want to show that you are superior or on par with peers • Lunch order

Hazards • Excessive competition • Personal limitations • Too many experiences of failure – Results in poor attitude – Feelings of inferiority

Identity v. Identity confusion • Who am I and where am I going? • 12 -18 years old • Adolescents come to see themselves as unique and integrated persons with an ideology • Or they become confused about what they want out of life

Adolescence Many psychologists once believed that our traits were set during childhood. Today psychologists believe that development is a lifelong process. AP Photo/ Jeff Chiu Adolescence is defined as a life between childhood and adulthood. 35

Identity v. Identity Confusion • Wondering what direction you will go • Trying to find your identity • Separating yourself from your peers • Finding your role • What makes me different?

Forming an Identity In Western cultures, many adolescents try out different selves before settling into a consistent and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships. Matthias Clamer/ Getty Images Leland Bobble/ Getty Images 37

Developmental Hazard • Failure of society to provide defined roles and standards • Formation of cliques which provide clear but not always desirable roles and standards • Behavioral expections • Different for different cultures • College v. Job

Physical Development Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males. 39

Primary Sexual Characteristics During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly. Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works 40

Secondary Sexual Characteristics Also secondary sexual characteristics—the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes. 41

Developing Reasoning Power According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i. e. , they can performal operations. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and justice, and think about God in deeper terms. 42

• In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. • There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. • It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. • The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2, 000 for a small dose of the drug. • The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1, 000 which is half of what it cost. • He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. • But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it. " So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. 43 • Should the husband have done that?

Frontal Cortex During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness. 45

Intimacy v. Isolation • Shall I share my life with someone or live alone • 19 -35 • Young people become able to commit themselves to another person • Or they develop a sense of isolation and feel they have no one in the world, but themselves

Intimacy v. Isolation • Ability to establish close personal relationships with members of both sexes • The people you talk to after the first year of college-your spouse

Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood spans ages 18 -25. During this time, young adults may live with their parents and attend college or work. On average, emerging adults marry in their mid-twenties. Ariel Skelley/ Corbis 48

Hazards • Cultural and personal factors which lead to psychological isolation or to formal rather than warm personal relations • Inability to trust or open up on an intimate level

Adulthood’s Commitments Love and work are defining themes in adult life. Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value. Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation. JLP/ Jose Pelaez/ zefa/ Corbis 50

Generativity v. Stagnation • Will I produce something of real value? • 35 -50 • Adults are willing to have and care for children and to devote themselves to their work and the common good • Or they become self centered and inactive

Generativity v. Stagnation • Paternal senseproductivity and creativity for others as well as self • Midlife Crisis – My Dad

Hazards • Failure to master developmental tasks, resulting in egocentric nonproductivity

Middle Adulthood Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties. Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility. Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles. 54

Old Age: Sensory Abilities After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks. 55

Old Age: Motor Abilities At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70 -year-old is no match for a 20 year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age. 56

Aging and Memory Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. 57

Aging and Memory As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult. 58

Aging and Intelligence Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not. 59

Aging and Other Abilities A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age. 60

Well-Being the Life Well-being and people’s feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span. 61

Old Age: Dementia General term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life Dementia is not a normal part of growing old. Alan Oddie/ Photo. Edit 62

Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease; a brain disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. -Most common form of dementia symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior -Abnormal Plaques (clumps) and tangles in the brain Loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. At risk Alzheimer

Old Age: Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth increased from 49% in 1950 to 67% in 2004 and to 80% in developed countries. Women outlive men and outnumber them at most ages. Gorges Gobet/ AP Photo 64

Adulthood’s Ages and Stages Psychologists doubt that adults pass through an orderly sequence of age-bound stages. Mid-life crises at 40 are less likely to occur than crises triggered by major events (divorce, new marriage). Neuroticism scores, 10, 000 subjects (Mc. Crae & Costa, 1996). 65

Integrity v. Despair • Have I lived a full life? • Older people enter a period of reflection • Become assured that their lives have been meaningful and are ready to face death • Or are in despair for their unaccomplished goals, failures, and ill spent lives

Hazards • Lack of tradition, consistent values, and support • Lack of friends/family may be unable to find meaning in life

Death and Dying There is no “normal” reaction or series of grief stages after the death of a loved one. Grief is more sudden if death occurs unexpectedly. People who reach a sense of integrity in life (in Erikson’s terms) see life as meaningful and worthwhile. Chris Steele-Perkins/ Magnum Photos 68

Kübler-Ross – Stages of Grief • Denial: The initial stage: "It can't be happening. " • Anger: "Why ME? It's not fair!" (either referring to God, oneself, or anybody perceived, rightly or wrongly, as "responsible") • Bargaining: "Just let me live to see my child(ren) graduate. " • Depression: "I'm so sad, why bother with anything? " • Acceptance: "It's going to be OK. " 69

Successful Aging 70

Adolescents

Mnemonics