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Lecture 4 a 31 January 2011 Diabetes Type II Pathology-4 a Nutritional Intervention-4 b Functional Food/Nutraceutical Approaches-4 c

Pathology Role of insulin -produced in the beta cells of the pancreas -initially synthesised as a single chain 86 amino acid polypeptide (pre-proinsulin) -post-translational modification removes the amino terminal signal peptide what is a signal peptide?

Role of insulin -this give rise to proinsulin -insulin is created via the cleavage of an internal peptide (31 mer) and the A (21 mer) and B(30 mer) chains of insulin are then linked together by a disulphide linkage (enzyme responsible? )

Causes of Type I-genetic -concordance is 30 -70 % in identical twins -polymorphisms in HLA complex appear to account for 40 -50 % of type I -HLA complex contains genes for the class II MHC molecules which present antigen to helper T cells and are thus involved in initiating the immune response -ability of class II MHC molecules to present antigen is dependent on the amino acid composition of their antigen binding sites

Genetic -amino acid substitutions may influence the specificity of the immune response by altering the binding affinity of different antigens for the class II molecules -10 % of genetic risk due to polymorphisms in the promoter region of the insulin gene

Causes of Type I -autoimmune- beta cells produced proteins that mediate draw lymphocytes into pancreas where they infiltrate islets (insulitis) and selectively attack beta cells- inflammation leads to atrophy of b-cells -immunological markers-islet cell autoantibodiesthese antibodies are directed at a series of b-cell proteins -environmental-viruses-coxsackie and rubella -bovine milk -nitrosamines

Type II-no longer adult NIDDM - affects children and insulin can be used

-genetic factors -concordance of 70 -90 % in identical twinsquestion this -40 % if both parents have it-question this as well -polymorphisms or mutations in insulin receptor and enzymes involved in glucose homeostasis (candidates? )

-pathophysiology -increased hepatic glucose synthesis because as insulin sensitivity drops the ability of insulin to promote glycogen synthesis and suppress gluconeogenesis drops -impaired insulin sensitivity

Pathophysiology continued -impaired insulin production-reason is unknown-though glucose toxicity while undefined cripples beta cell-suggestions -increased free fatty acids impair b-cell function

Metabolic syndrome -obesity -kick-off via increased free fatty acids -measures -BMI -percentage fat-skinfolds underwater weighing -height-weight tables -free fatty acids regulate insulin sensitivity

Metabolic syndrome -free fatty acids regulate insulin sensitivity -free fatty acids decrease glucose utilisation and increase hepatic glucose production

-lipids-including decreased anti-oxidation capacity -increased free fatty acids -decreased HDLc, increased CETP, decreased LPL -increased cholesterol, LDLc -increased triglycerides

Metabolic syndrome -blood pressure -elevated -platelet aggregation- Tripepidemiology slide

PLATELET HYPERREACTIVITY AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION* SPA STATUS AND NUMBER OF PATIENTS TOTAL MORTALITY 149 CARDIAC EVENTS 18 33 SPA NEG. 94 6 (6. 4 %) 14 (14. 9 %) SPA INT. 29 3 (10. 3 %) 7 SPA POS. 26 9 (34. 6 %) 12 (46. 2 %) (24. 1 %) 12 MOS. DATA OF Trip et al. NEJM 322: 1549 (1990) SPA = SPONTANEOUS PLATELET AGGREGATION

Metabolic syndrome -insulin sensitivity-receptor binding efficiency -right shift in insulin dose response curve and downward shift in maximal impact -as insulin sensitivity goes down the lipids are further perturbed -ultimately may get pancreatic failure with requirement for insulin injections