Note Last time we talked about supplements and

Note Last time we talked about supplements and sports. Today we will talk about information sources as well as genetics.

Lecture 24 Obtaining Accurate Nutrition Information

Outline of todays lecture on information sources 1) Usually reliable sources of information-sports professional associations, university websites, . org, consumer groups, government, other professional associations 2) Unreliable sources of information 3) Reliable versus unreliable sources of information 4) Credentials 5) Scientific method 6) Identifying misinformation

USUALLY RELIABLE Sport Professional Associations Coach Canada http: //www. coach. ca/sport-nutrition-s 14783 Dietititans of Canada-several web links to sport professional associations including nutrition http: //www. dietitians. ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-AZ/Sports-Nutrition-%28 Adult%29. aspx National Agricultural Library https: //www. nal. usda. gov/fnic/nutrition-athletes Australia Institute of Sports https: //www. ais. gov. au/nutrition

Usually reliable University publications (. edu) or in Canada universities ending with. ca Web sites ending in. gov or. org Peer reviewed journal publications (International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition Research, British Journal of Nutrition, Nutrition Reviews)

USUALLY RELIABLE Government Health C http: //www. hc-sc. gc. ca Nova Scotia Department of Health www. gov. ns. ca/health/ Nova Scotia Health Authority http: //www. nshealth. ca/ Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical firms – cautionthey have something to sell but good science required by Health Canada and FDA

USUALLY RELIABLE Consumer groups American Council on Science and Health www. acsh. org Federal Consumer Information Centre http: //www. pueblo. gsa. gov/ International Food Information Council http: //www. ific. org/

USUALLY RELIABLE Professional Associations American Dietetic Association http: //www. eatright. org/ Dietitians of Canada www. dietitians. ca American Medical Association http: //www. ama-assn. org/ Canadian Medical Association www. cma. ca

Usually unreliable sources • Firms and other organisations that are here one day and gone the next • Firms that claim to have qualifications in the field but can produce no evidence of qualifications • . com – may be alright but be cautious

Reliable versus unreliable Credentials Real results Evidence of misinformation

Credentials -Nutrition and/or dietetics training from an accredited university ( who is doing the accreditation? ) -least 3 -4 years of training

Credentials Watch out for: “nutrimedicine” fee for degree schools liberal use of the word doctor members of “professional societies” dietitian or nutritionist- this term may be unregulated in some jurisdictions

Real credentials yield real results usually -usually- watch out for dry labing or fixing results -real results gained by the scientific method

-Scientific method -hypothesis -objective -method-validity and numbers of subjects -results-data and statistics are accurate -discussion and interpretation

Scientific method continued Conclusions -not generalised to all people – use of word may References Publication in reputable peer-reviewed journals Repetition- with in group and by multiple groups Concept of a food (eg vegetables) to molecules to doses

Identifying misinformation Personal testimonials. Hearsay and gossip Time-tested Is it really true? - such findings would be widely published Nonsense Medical jargon Hunger stimulation point

Identifying misinformation Paranoia People are just out to get me- mostly my competitors Quick and easy fixes Who knows of the overnight cancer treatment “Just a little dab will do you” Natural Not necessarily safer or better

Identifying misinformation Satisfaction guaranteed How, over what time, what recourse do you have? One product does it all Is there only one chemical reaction or disease in the body? Glossy adverts – in all media Watch out for the slick willy approach Have I got a deal for you

Identifying misinformation People telling you not to listen to physicians or other qualified persons

Summary of lecture on information sources 1) Usually reliable sources of information-sports professional associations, university websites, . org, consumer groups, government, other professional associations 2) Unreliable sources of information 3) Reliable versus unreliable sources of information 4) Credentials 5) Scientific method 6) Identifying misinformation

Remember if it is too good to be true then it likely is not true and that the internet is hard to regulate- the net is worldwide and not every country has regulations at the point of source

JUST TALKED ABOUT GETTING GOOD INFORMATION ABOUT NUTRITION AND SPORTS- GETTING GOOD NUTRITION REALLY MEANS GETTING GOOD NUTRITION BASED ON THE INDIVIDUAL THIS LEADS TO UNDERSTANDING HOW NUTRITION INTERACTS WITH GENES OR WHY ONE HAS TO TAILOR NUTRITION TO THE INDIVIDUAL FOR MAXIMAL ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE

Genes, diet and sport performance

Do genes choose the sport for us or do we choose the sport? or in other words… Is it full speed ahead and ignore the genes in terms of diet, training and ultimately performance?

“A Proper Diet Can’t Make An Average Athlete Elite, But A Poor Diet Can Make An Elite Athlete Average” In short, if you have the right genes for a sport, a lousy diet and/or training can defeat that gift.

Genes, diet and sport performance Outline 1) 2) 3) 4) DNA-what is it? Genes-what are they are how do they work? Transmission-are athletes born to a sport? Genes dictate proteins which dictate function -diet and WWFQ -diet influences genes -genes and diet influence WWFQ -genes dictate muscle fibre type -therefore diet and genes affect muscle performance -gene doping- absolutely not!!- do not go there -diet, genes and training determine final performance

1) DNA-what is it? Molecule contained in nucleus of cell (mostly nonelectron transport) and in the mitochondria (roughly a 1/3 of genes of mt DNA are for electron transport chain) – all mt genes required for proper mt function DNA is really the brains of the operation DNA directs all functions of cell through its direction of the production of protein

1) DNA-what is it? Production of protein slide

1) DNA-what is it? base sequence of DNA dictates the structure of proteins formed and hence the functionality of those proteins and hence how those proteins regulate metabolism and hence athletic performance

2) Genes-what are they are how do they work? Discrete units of DNA that contain code for protein amino acid sequence and hence structure and hence function Have promoter region to turn on/off genes and enhancer region to fine tune how ramped up or down the gene is to produce a given protein Nutrients interact with the promoter and enhancer regions to control how much protein is being produced at any given time

2) Genes-what are they are and how do they work? Gene activity also depends on gene copy number The greater the gene copy number the greater the gene activity The lesser the gene copy number the lesser the gene activity

3) Transmission-are athletes born to a sport? Does the athlete select the sport or does the sport select the athlete Allele transmission Allele defined Dominant allele Recessive allele Homozygous dominant and recessive Heterozygous alleles Gene dose- allele and copy number

3) Transmission-are athletes born to a sport? Genetics is a major contributor Fibre type 1, 2 a, 2 b

4)Genes dictate proteins which dictate function

4) Genes dictate proteins which dictate function -diet and WWFQ Via IDATME IS CRITICAL TO WWFQ Genes dictate success of IDATME Some athletes are better at WWFQ than others and on that basis are more successful athletes

4) Genes dictate proteins which dictate function -diet influences genes Nutrients interact with both the promoter and enhancer on at least some genes thus either increasing or decreasing gene expression and hence protein production and hence regulation of metabolism -and metabolism regulates athletic performance

4) Genes dictate proteins which dictate function -genes and diet influence WWFQ -genes determine resting metabolic rate which determines WWFQ for good maintenance and function of tissues including muscle -maintenance and function of tissues including muscle is critical for athletic performance

So up to this point we have seen that diet and genes affect muscle performance

4) Genes dictate proteins which dictate function -gene doping- inserting coding regions to produce e. g. erythropoetin for example -or inserting regions to increase or decrease gene expression Gene doping is illegal for sports!!

4) Genes dictate proteins which dictate function - diet, genes and training determine final performance

Genes, diet and sport performance Summary 1) 2) 3) 4) DNA-what is it? Genes-what are they are how do they work? Transmission-are athletes born to a sport? Genes dictate proteins which dictate function -diet and WWFQ -diet influences genes -genes and diet influence WWFQ -genes dictate muscle fibre type -therefore diet and genes affect muscle performance -gene doping- absolutely not!!- do not go there -diet, genes and training determines final performance

TO SUMMARISE THIS COURSE ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE DEPENDS ON: Your parents-genes Diet Training “A Proper Diet Can’t Make An Average Athlete Elite, But A Poor Diet Can Make An Elite Athlete Average”- genes and training are useless without proper diet, timing of diet and hence WWFQ