Northern Renaissance and the Reformation Renaissance Spreads to

Northern Renaissance and the Reformation Renaissance Spreads to the Northern Renaissance is concerned with revival of Christian Spirituality AKA making the Church honorable and pure again Average people feel bullied between the church and authority (monarchs)

Goals for the Reformation Summarize the factors that encouraged the protestant reformation. Analyze martin luther’s role in shaping the protestant reformation. Explain the teachings and impact of john calvin. Describe the new ideas that protestant sects embraced. Understand why England formed a new church Analyze how the catholic church reformed itself. Explain why many groups faced persecution during the reformation.

Causes Social Political Economic Religious Value humanism and secularism, which leads to people questioning the Church Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in European princes and kings were jealous of Church's wealth Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt Printing press helped spread ideas/critics of the Church Many leaders view the Pope as foreign and challenge his authority Merchants and others resented paying a tax to the Church Many people saw indulgences as unacceptable

Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324 -1384) – Church should give up earthly possessions – People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. – Views were unpopular Removed from teaching position

Early Reformers Cont… Jan Hus (1369 -1415) – He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope. – Preached against immortality and worldliness of Catholic Church – Excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII – burned at the steak

Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466 -1536) – “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched. ” – Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. – He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. • Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

The Protestant Reformation In the 1500 s, calls for reform unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity. – The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation. People who joined the movement for reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.

Causes of the reformation 1) renaissance – emphasis on the secular (non spiritual) and the individual challenged church authority. 2) printing press – spread the ideas of the renaissance 3) rulers resented the popes’ attempt to control them. 4) northern merchants did not want to pay church taxes to rome.

Problems within the church Critics of the church claimed that its leaders were corrupt. No respect for priests, monks, and pope Popes during renaissance – patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure and fought wars. Some popes admitted to having several children, many priests were not well educated, some were marriedgambled-or drank too much. “if the truth be confessed, the luxury and pomp of our courts is too great. ” –Pope pius II.

What happens to spark the Reformation? Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! – Purgatory – work off sins – Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)

Language Barriers Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. – Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

Martin Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. – Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs. "

Johann Tetzel vs. Martin Luther Indulgences, Salvation, and the Role of the Church What rationale does Tetzel give for obtaining indulgences? What are the “dangers” of not purchasing indulgences? What were some the major theological issues questioned by Luther? What specific accusations does he make against the papacy?

95 Theses Read the excerpts from Luther’s 95 Theses Determine what were some of Luther’s complaints. Create a rank order with what you believe is the most important charges/complaints.

Luther’s 95 Theses In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. (Like a bulletin board) – Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! – Criticized: 1. Indulgences 2. Power of Pope 3. Wealth of Church Invited people to come debate him Some took them off, some made copies Everyone eventually knew about this (PRINTING PRESS)

The Teachings of Martin Luther Salvation is achieved through faith alone. – Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation. The Bible is the sole source of religious truth. – Luther denied other authorities, such as Church councils or the pope. All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. – Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials had special powers.

Why did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support? Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia. Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption. German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty. Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

Reformation! Luther’s actions started the reformation – a movement of religious reform. – Resulted in the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority. Luther’s main ideas: – People could win salvation only by faith in god’s gift of forgiveness. (church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation. – All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities. – All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them.

Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. – Excommunication- expelled him from the church. – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. – Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest. • Hence the term Protestant!

Response to Luther After the trial, emperor Charles v issued an imperial order, the edicts of worms. – Declared luther an outlaw and a heretic. – Nobody was suppose to give luther food or shelter, his books were burned. – The state that luther lived disobeyed these orders.

Peace of Augsburg n Charles V tried to persuade German princes to convert back to the Holy Roman Church n Several little wars occurred n In 1555 the treaty, Peace of Augsburg, was signed stating that a prince had the right to choose what religion their kingdom would follow n Why do you think Charles V could not force the Protestant princes back into the Catholic Church? n Luther's ideas were too strong n The abuses in the Catholic Church caused people to lose faith

John Calvin The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. – A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. By the late 1500 s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland – Theocracy • A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. • Luther did not support him (Tampering with God) John Calvin in Switzerland – Predestination • God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. John Knox in Scotland – Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

Importance of Printing Press Activity! In order to get a first-hand understanding to the importance of the Printing Press, you will now take part in the Printing Press Challenge. Directions: – When I say GO, on a blank piece of paper, you are to copy down the following sentences. – Your writing MUST BE NEAT, grammatically correct, and IDENTICAL to what is written on the board. (punctuation included!) – If you make a mistake, there is no ERASING!! (YOU MUST START OVER ON A NEW PIECE OF PAPER) – You will be timed. – The first person to complete this challenge the fastest (quick, perfect, legible) is the winner.