North vs South Civil War The Souths Decision

North vs South Civil War

The South’s Decision • Secession – Compact vs. Perpetual Union – S. C secedes – Feb 1861 - (C. S. A) Confederate States of America

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

The North’s Decision • Crittenden Compromise (Constit. amendment – Enforce Fugitive Slave Law – Union would accept free or slave states – MO Compromise line to the Pacific • Lincoln/Republicans reject – Undermine the democratic principle of majority rule (remember platform include Free Soilers)

Ft. Sumter • South starts the war – Lincoln wants to send provisions to the fort – South attacks and takes fort – Lincoln: • Calls for troops • Places MY under “martial law” • Suspends habeas corpus – Upper South secedes

Civil War Defined • Attrition- a wearing down or weakening of resistance by continuous pressure • Elements of Total Warcomplete use of resources/ppl – B/c didn’t preserve Southern infrastructure – But, North not a war economy

North’s Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan • Blockade South • Control the Miss. River • Attack Richmond

The Union Disadvantages • Not fully supported • Civil unrest (draft) • Military leadership – Exception= Grant Advantages • Population (22 Mill) – Immigrants (800, 000) – Black soldiers (180, 000) • • 85% Industry; 65% Farms Tactical Plan and Aims U. S navy ¾ of nation’s income – Revenue: taxes, bonds

The Confederacy Advantages • Home field advantage • Cotton (bargain power) • Govt arsenal supply • Talented officers • Railroads where needed • High Morale Disadvantages • Supplies • Smaller pop. (5. 5 mill) • Food b/c cash crops • Inflation • Leadership – State’s rights undermine organization • Slavery

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin Mc. Dowell George Mc. Clellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George Mc. Clellan, Again!

Battle of Bull Run July, 1861 • Drew spectators from North • Southern victory – Confed. Stonewall Jackson – Ended illusion of short war

The Diplomatic Struggle 1861 -3 • Trent Affair (1861) – Union ship stopped a British ship (Trent) and removed two Confederate diplomats (Mason and Slidell) – GB threaten war over POWs – Lincoln released the prisoners

The Diplomatic Struggle 1861 -3 Part II • The Alabama – Confederate raider – Purchased from GB • GB promised to give $15. 5 mill for damages – Captured 60 vessels and was sunk in 1864 – Results : North had to divert naval strength from the blockade • Laird’s Ram (1863) – GB about to buy ships with iron rams – U. S threatens war; GB cancels sale

The Diplomatic Struggle 1861 -3 J. BULL to NAPOLEON Part III. "Can. III you recognize that thing RECOGNITION, " or "NO. " they call the C. S. A. ? " NAP. "Well, I think I could, if 'twere not for that Big Fellow who stands in front. " • England – South wanted them to end the blockade. Rely on fact that GB wants cotton • GB decides on hands off policy – Egypt and India increase their output – B/c of famine need wheat from North • France – Won’t recognize South unless GB does

The War (1862) • Peninsula Campaign – Mc. Clellan (U) attacks VA – After 5 months, retreats. Bad move – Lincoln replaces Mc. Clellan with Pope • 2 nd Battle of Bull Run – Lee defeats Pope (U)

The Battle of the Ironclads March 1862 • The Monitor vs. the Merrimac • Establishes Union naval dominance • Changes naval warfare!

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23, 000 casualties

1862 • Conscription Law (South) – Men between the ages of 18 -45 liable for draft – Owners w/ 20 slaves or more can be exempt • Western Campaign – Union victories at Shiloh (Grant) and New Orleans (Farragut)

1862 cont. • Homestead Act – 160 acres of land in the West (Great Plains) – settle and improve over period of five years • Morrill Land Grant – Large amts of fed. land given to states if est. agricultural and mechanical colleges

Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863) – Frees slaves in Confederacy – Preserve the Union – Made the fight a moral issue • South lost Europe • Confiscation Act (1861) – All enslaved ppl used to support Confederate military freed “contraband”

The Southern View of Emancipation

African-American Recruiting • Confiscation Act II (1861) – African Americans used in military for North • African American solders – Assigned menial tasks – Many died working long hours in unsanitary conditions – Paid a 1/3 rd less than whites (change mid 1864) – Blacks POWs returned to slavery or executed

The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

Enrollment Act (North) 1863 • All men between 2045 liable for draft – Allowed the rich to hire subs or exempt for $300 – Led to NY riots, ~120 dead

NY Riot Gangs of New York clip of the riots and dislike of Lincoln respectively http: //www. youtube. com/ watch? v=mdw. Lx. OK 7 x. Lc http: //www. youtube. com /watch? v=e. Tap. R 73 pfr. Y

1863 – The Tide Turns • Grant takes Vicksburg, secures Mississippi River • Gettysburg (July) – Union repels Lee’s invasion into Pennsylvania – Most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war – Gettysburg Address

Inflation in the South

Copperheads in Politics • ”Peace Democrats” – Supported war, but don’t like how Lincoln handles – Fear war induced growth of feds and North power – Oppose racial equality • Lincoln re-elected 1864

1864 • Sherman’s March to the Sea – Takes Atlanta then Savannah by December – Destroyed everything in sight • Broke the South • Grant drives Lee from Richmond • Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 • Assassination of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

Now He Belongs to the Assassination Ages! John Wilkes Booth

Results • 13 th Amendment passed 1865 – African Americans free, not equal • Devastated Southern economy • Catalyst to industrialization • Women – nursing an viable career choice now • Clara Barton (Red Cross)

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars