North American Peoples Moctezuma II Mesoamerica Tenochtitln Aztec

North American Peoples Moctezuma II Mesoamerica: Tenochtitlán (Aztec Capital City) Human sacrifice- Codex Magliabechiano • Mayans, Aztecs, Incas, Taino -developed advanced agricultural practices based primarily on the cultivation of maize - populations grew quite large and they built elaborate cities - made accurate astronomical observations - Aztecs practiced human sacrifice

North American Peoples continued… Arctic/Sub-Arctic (Far North): Algonquin couple, 18 th c. watercolor • Algonquin, Beaver, Chippewa, Cree, Chowo, and Yellowknife - gathered berries, plants, nuts - hunted caribou, moose, deer, elk, buffalo - nomadic tribes used tepees, stationary tribes built sturdy log homes

North American Peoples continued… Northwest Coast: Chinook woman and village life Potlatch celebration • Bella Coola, Chinook, Klilitat, Nootka, Quinault, Tlingit - harvested oceans and rivers - hunted in lush forests - accumulated wealth which they believed brought magical power over others - developed ceremonial feasts called “potlatches”

North American Peoples continued… Great Basin: • Shoshoni, Modoc, Ute, Washo, Paiute - food was not abundant in this semi-arid land - small groups ate rats, snakes, grasshoppers, grubs, and roots

North American Peoples continued… California: • Minok, Mowo, Muki, Hupa - lived in villages - hunted small game, fished and gathered wild plants, seeds, and nuts - hand-crafted fine basketry Hupa Indian sweat house covered with wood plank roof, surrounded by wall of large rocks

North American Peoples continued… Southwest: Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park Manuelito, Navajo chief Laguna Pueblo dwellers • Pueblos, Hopi, Zuni, Navajo, Mohave, Yuma, Pima, Papago, Anasazi - many lived in cliff dwellings - developed an advanced agrarian culture and specialization in work - constructed intricate irrigation systems

North American Peoples continued… Northeast: Mound Builders 18 th Century Iroquois warrior • Shawnee, Iroquois, Cayuga, Mohawk, Quebec, Oneida, Seneca Tuscarora - two major areas: the Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley and the Eastern Woodlands Indians - evidence from mounds shows the Mound Builders traded with Gulf Coast - in Eastern Woodlands, the Iroquois founded a confederacy to ensure internal peace and provide for defense

North American Peoples continued… Southeast: Painting by Herb Roe depicting the Mississippian-culture A Mississippian era priest holding a ceremonial flint mace as envisioned by Herb Roe • Timukua, Alabama, Natchez, Caddo, Creek, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Tuskegee, Choctaw - cultivated maize, beans, and squash in a method known as “threesister farming” - created some of the highest population densities on the continent

North American Peoples continued… Great Plains: • Cree, Crow, Mandan, Sioux, Arapaho, Iowa, Cheyenne, Apache, Comanche - settled in villages along rivers - when agricultural products were insufficient they would venture onto the plains to stampede buffalo over cliffs

Timeline • about 20, 000 to 50, 000 years ago - First Native Americans cross land bridge from Siberia • 5, 000 B. C. - Corn is developed as a staple crop in highland Mexico • 1200 B. C. - Corn planting reaches present day American Southwest • 500 A. D. - Pueblo culture develops in southwestern United States • 1000 A. D. - Norse voyagers discover and briefly settle in northeastern North America • 1100 A. D. - Height of Mississippian settlement at Cahokia and Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East • 1295 A. D. Marco Polo returns to Europe

Key Names, Events, and Terms • Native Americans: land bridge • Sioux, Pawnee, Pueblo, Adena, Hopewell • Mississippian, Iroquois • Mayas, Incans, Aztecs (Mexica)

Question “In the 1500 s, Native Americans possessed a wide range of complex cultures. ” Each of the following gives evidence to support this statement EXCEPT (a) The Aztec capital Tenochtitlán (b) The organization of Inca society (c) Native American’s susceptibility to European diseases (d) The Maya’s agricultural system (e) The Maya Calendar

Answer C: Native American’s susceptibility to European diseases