Normal DNA Strand DNA TAC AAA GGA CGA

Mutation n Mutation – Any change in the DNA base sequence which leads to

Point Mutation – One base in sequence is changed n Original DNA: TAC AAA

Frameshift Mutation – One base added or deleted from the DNA sequence n n

The bottom line about DNA… n n No DNA = No Protein = No

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Normal DNA Strand DNA : TAC AAA GGA CGA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT m. RNA: AUG UUU CCU GCU CAA AUU CGU UCU UAA Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop

Mutation n Mutation – Any change in the DNA base sequence which leads to a change in a protein. Sometimes mutation are beneficial, but they usually lead to nonfunctioning or incorrectly functioning proteins.

Point Mutation – One base in sequence is changed n Original DNA: TAC AAA GGA CGA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT n Original Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop n 4 th triplet in DNA, first base C changed to G Mutated DNA: TAC AAA GGA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT Incorrect m. RNA: AUG UUU CCU CAA AUU CGU UCU UAA n Mutated Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop n The 4 th amino acid is proline instead of alanine n n

Point Mutation

Frameshift Mutation – One base added or deleted from the DNA sequence n n n n Original DNA: TAC AAA GGA CGA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT Original Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop 2 nd triplet in DNA, first base A deleted Mutated DNA: TAC AAG GAC GAG TTT AAG CAA GAA TT Incorrect m. RNA: AUG UUC CUG CUC AAA UUC GUU CUU AA Mutated Protein: Met-Phe-Leu-Ile-Lys-Phe-Val-Leu After the second amino acid, the protein is completely different

Frameshift Mutation

The bottom line about DNA… n n No DNA = No Protein = No Cells = No Life Reproduction is all about passing DNA from one cell to another and from one generation of organisms to the next