NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION TOPICS l l l Clothes and

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

TOPICS l l l Clothes and Color Design, Movable Objects and Lighting, Seating, Space, Silence and Vocal Cues, Material, Touch, Time, Differences Between Men & Women in NVC, Cultural Differences in NVC, NVC in Job Interviews.

CLOTHES “Do clothes communicate? ”

Clothes are important to first impressions. Females Clothes (same & oppositesexed partners) Males Clothes (same-sexed partners) Figure and face (opposite-sexed partners)

CLOTHES (cont. ) People adorn themselves with a number of other artifacts such as; JBadges JTattoos JMasks JEarrings JJewelry

ÜColors can affect human behavior. ÜThere is a big impact of colors on mental growth and social relations. ÜThe most pleasant hues purple, yellow, red. blue, green, ÜThe most arousing hues yellow, violet, blue, green. red, orange,

COLORS & MOODS Secure/Comfortable Calm/Peaceful Unhappy/Melancholy Cheerful/Joyful Distressed/Upset Defiant/Hostile

COLORS & MOODS (cont. ) Exciting/Stimulating Calm/Peaceful Protective/Defending Dignified/Stately Protective/Defending Unhappy/Melancholy Powerful/Strong

DESIGN IN NEGOTIATION ROOM l l Fixed-feature refers to space organized by unmoving boundaries (rooms of houses). Semifixed-feature refers to the arrangement of movable objects such as tables or chairs.

DESIGN (cont. ) Sometimes we get very definite person or couple-related messages from home environments. Ugly room Beautiful room monotony, fatigue, headache, discontent, sleep, irritability, hostility. pleasure, comfort, enjoyment, importance, energy.

LIGHTING IN NEGOTIATION ROOM l l Lighting helps to structure our perceptions of an environment, and these perceptions also may influence the type of messages we send. The absence of light seems to be a central problem for people who suffer from “seasonal affective disorder” a form of depression particularly acute in winter months.

MOVABLE OBJECTS AND SEATING l l l The arrangement of certain objects in our environment can help structure communication. Employees often use objects to personalize their offices. The arrangement of other items of furniture can facilitate or inhibit communication.

Seating Behaviors 1. Leadership: At the head or foot of the table. X X

Seating Behaviors (cont. ) 2. Dominance: 2 1 3 4 5 1 and 54 attracted the task-oriented leader, the 1, 3, 2 and are 5 also anxious were and considered actually to stated be positions they 4 and 5 are twice as likely to talk to each other The most main likely conversations conversation will occur is leadermiddle position attracted a socioemotional wanted of leadership to 4. and staybut ofof a the different discussion. type, depending 1, 3, 5 out are frequent talkers, as 3 and between 2 and 4 -5 3, 3 and 1 -2. 4. one concerned about group relationships. on the position. personalities dominant

Seating Behaviors (cont. ) 3. Task: l X Conversion: Sitting and chatting for a few minutes before class. X l Cooperation: X X l Coaction: X X l Competition: X X Sitting and studying together for the same exam. Sitting studying for different exams. Sitting face to face across a table.

Seating Behaviors (cont. ) 4. Sex and Acquaintance: l In the bar, corner seating for the same-sex friends X and casual friends of the opposite sex. X l l Intimate friends appear to desire side-by-side seating. X X In a restaurant everyone choose opposite seating. X X

Seating Behaviors (cont. ) 5. Motivation: High-Positive Motivation High-Negative Motivation “sitting with your boy or girlfriend. ” “sitting with someone you do not like very much and do not wish to talk to. ”

5. Motivation (cont. ) • As motivation increases, persons want to sit closer or to have more eye contact. • When the motivation is affiliative, the choice is sit closer, • When the motivation is competitive, the choice is one that will allow more eye contact.

Seating Behaviors (cont. ) 6. Introversion - Extraversion: Extraverts choose to sit opposite (either across the table or down the length of it). Introverts choose positions that would keep them more at a distance, visually and physically.

NEGOTIATION TABLE It is a typical configuration for contract negotiations. The two parties sit together to indicate and foster unity. Each team is on a different side of the table and the teams are facing each other so each team member can clearly hear what anyone on the other team has to say.

This table may tend to give one party an advantage over the other because the arrangement suggests only one important person, the person at the end of the vertical extension.

This table shows a need for space between the two parities. That space could mean more formality or less trust.

This table may be the most conducive to win/win negotiations because the round shape is usually associated with equality.

SPACE Each of you has a “personal space”, a sort of invisible bubble around you, which you feel is yours and which you do not like to see intruded upon without express permission.

SPACE (cont. ) Three major interpersonal distances are “intimate”, “social” and “public”.

SPACE (cont. ) Interpersonal distance is one of the ways you have to express feelings. You tend to move closer to people you like and away from people you do not, if you have a choice.

SILENCE Silence is another form of communication that can make a situation awkward if used. Silence occurs when; 1. You are terribly angry, frustrated. 2. You are attentively listening to something. 3. You listen but are bored. 4. You cannot think of a thing to say. 5. You are thinking about a point made by speaker. 6. You do not understand what the speaker said. 7. There is no more to be said on the matter. 8. Do not need to say anything.

THE EFFECTS OF VOCAL CUES Vocal behavior deals with how something is said, not what is said. Prosody is the word used to describe all the variations in the voice that accompany speech and help to convey its meaning.

l He’s giving this money to Herbie. (He’s the one giving the money, nobody else. ) l He’s giving this money to Herbie. (He’s giving, not lending, the money. ) l l l He’s giving this money to Herbie. (The money being exchanged is not from another fund or source; it is this money. ) He’s giving this money to Herbie. (Money is the unit of exchange, not a chech or wampum. ) He’s giving this money to Herbie. (This recipient is Herbie, not Eric or Bill or Rod)

MATERIAL USAGE IN NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION ¨giving a message that you are making an important explanation. ¨threat to the person in front of you. ¨distracting yourself and trying to gain time. ¨the subject is over.

ªmake people intellectual ªopenness and honesty ªnot respect you §Hanging it on your neck makes you serious and charismatic. §Playing with eyeglasses means you are bored.

Ø Pipe makes the user DOMINANT in his/her speech. ÙBlowing a cigarette upper means you are comfortable and powerful. ÚBlowing it lower means you are bored anxious.

ØRosettes, riggings show that you are belonging a group.

ØPlaying with your tie means you are interested in the opposite sex. ØPlaying with notebook, paper etc. means you are bored.

TOUCH Touching is so important in the healthy development of human life.

TOUCH Touching is a powerful communicative tool and serves to express a tremendous range of feelings, such as; l. Fear l. Love l. Anxiety l. Warmth l. Coldness

ØSometimes touching may elicit negative reactions depending on the configuration of people and circumstances. ØSometimes people get tense, anxious, and/or uncomfortable when touched.

Who Touches Whom, Where, and How Much? The amount and kind of contact in adulthood vary considerably with • Age • Sex • Situation • Relationship of the parties involved.

Easy to touch Hard to touch

We can say that people may be more likely to touch when; 1. The Giving informationisordeep advice rather than asking 5. conversation rather than casual for it 6. At a party rather than at work 2. Giving an order rather than responding to it 7. Communicating excitement rather than 3. receiving Asking a it favor than agreeing to do one fromrather another 4. Receiving Trying to persuade than being 8. messages rather of worry from another persuaded rather than sending such messages

Types of Touch l l l l The The The The Handshake. Body-Guide. Pat. Arm-Link. Shoulder Embrace. Full Embrace. Hand-in-Hand. Waist Embrace. Kiss. Hand-to-Head-to-Head. Caress. Body Support. Mock-Attack.

SELF-TOUCHING Ø Some of self-touching behaviors are behavioral adaptations we make in response to certain learning situations. ØA number of studies have indicated that self-touching is associated with situational anxiety or stress.

SELF-TOUCHING Another source of body-focused movements is cognitive (information-processing) demand. Ø YELLOW RED GREEN BLUE

TIME At first, TIME may seem an intangible thing but time is almost treated as a THING; You gain time, waste it, spent it, save it, give it and take it. Time is precious, time speaks…

Time influences our perceptions of people; For example; üresponsible people are üboring people talk “on time” “too long”

We perceive time in four different types: 1. Time as Location “I don’t like eating dinner at 10 p. m. ” 2. Time as Duration An activity can be perceived as boring and we perceive we have been there “forever”. 3. Time as Intervals “It’s been too long since I’ve seen you” 4. Time as Patterns of Intervals It determines our social rhythm – the regularity/irregularity of our lifes, our behaviors and routines.

Men&Women in Nonverbal Communication Are Men from Mars and Women from Venus?

A Woman… Ø speak an average of 8, 000 words a day. Ø 2, 000 vocal sounds, Ø 10, 000 facial expressions, and other body language signals. This gives her a daily average of more than 20, 000 communications

A Man… Ø uses just 4, 000 words Ø 1, 000 vocal sounds Ø makes a mere 2, 000 body language signals His daily average adds up to around 7, 000 communications.

Women's nonverbal behavior is used to make personal connections. While men's nonverbal communication tends to parallel behaviors associated with dominance and power.

KINESICS - body movement Øuse facial expression a lot to send and receive messages Øuse less and more restrained gestures Øposture is more tense Øattracted to those who smile more

KINESICS - body movement (cont. ) Ødon't send or receive facial expressions as much Øuse gestures more Øposture is more relaxed Ømore likely to interrupt speakers who are smiling

Male and Female Postures Males show a dominant behaviour and body posture (staring, taking more space, legs apart, hands on hips)

Male and Female Postures (cont. ) Females show a submissive behaviour and body posture (lowering eyes, knees together).

OCULESICS - eye contact, gaze Females; Ørarely stare Øengage in more eye contact while conversating Øgenerally the first to avert eyes on initial gaze

OCULESICS - eye contact, gaze (cont. ) Males; Østare to challenge power or status Øgenerally don't make as much eye contact Øgenerally maintain initial gaze until other party averts eyes

HAPTICS - touch and the use of it Females; Øtouched more than males Øtouched more gently Øtouched mostly by men Øinitiate more hugging and touching that expresses support, affection, comfort

HAPTICS - touch and the use of it (cont. ) Males; Øtouched less than females Øtouched more harshly Øinitiate touch towards females more Øuse touch to direct, assert power, express sexual interest

PROXEMICS - space and the use of it Females; Øtend to approach others closer Ø prefer side by side interaction

PROXEMICS - space and the use of it (cont. ) Males; Øuse more personal space Øprefer face to face conversation

Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal messages can create intercultural friction and confusion because; Ø the same nonverbal signal can mean different things to different people in different cultures, Ø multiple nonverbal cues are sent in each interaction, thereby creating interpretive ambiguities,

Cultural value tendencies Ø individualism-collectivism Ø high-low context Ø power distance

Collectivist and Individulist Cultures U. S Individualist cultures emphasize personal achievement Sweden Netherlands

Collectivist and Individulist Cultures (cont. ) Japan Argentina Mexico Collectivist cultures emphasize family and work group goals.

Collectivist and Individulist Cultures (cont. ) Ø individualists tend to be more concerned with expressing and repairing self-focused emotions (e. g. , personal anger, frustration, or resentment) Ø collectivists generally are more concerned with other-focused emotions (e. g. , relational shame, hurt, or embarrassment)

High and Low Context Cultures Ø Low–context cultures tend to be more sensitive to a person's values, attitudes or dispositional characteristics, and attribute behavior to their individuality and personality. Ø High–context communication and cultures are highly sensitive to situational and context features of communication.

High and Low Context Cultures (cont. ) Low–context cultures are less aware of nonverbal cues, environment, and situation High context cultures are all take into account environment, situation, nonverbal messages, gestures, mood

Large and Small Power Distance Cultures Small power distance cultures (e. g. , Australia and Canada) tend to use nonverbal emotional cues to establish equal-status relationships. Large power distance cultures (e. g. , in many Latin and Middle Eastern cultures) tend to use nonverbal emotional cues (e. g. , the proper tone of voice) to signify asymmetrical-status relationships

Different Nonverbal Cues in Different Cultures ØFacial Expressions ØProximity ØHaptics ØSilence ØKinesics ØGreetings ØBeckoning

Facial Expressions Basic facial emotions that are decoding universally: Øanger, Ødisgust, Øfear, Øhappiness, Øsadness, and Øsurprise

Facial Expressions (cont. ) Eye-contact; Ø In many European and American cultures, people who are unable to maintain eye contact during a conversation are often looked upon as untrustworthy or rude. Ø In many Asian and African cultures it is considered disrespectful to look an elder or authority figure in the eyes during a conversation

Facial Expressions (cont. ) Smiles; Ø Within the most European culture, a smile can mean joy or happiness Ø In the Japanese culture, it can also be used to mask embarrassment, hide displeasure, or suppress anger. Ø In Russia, it reflects relaxation and progress in developing a good relationship.

Facial Expressions (cont. ) Voice; Ø Many Southern European cultures (e. g. , Greece and Italy) and Arab cultures tend to value an emotionally engaged, expressive tone of voice, Ø Many East and Southeast Asian cultures (e. g. , Malaysia and Thailand) tend to value a moderating, soft tone of voice.

Proximity (space) Ø For Americans, standing very close to speak with someone is looked at as rude and can create a very awkward or uncomfortable feeling for many of them. ØIn Asia and the Middle East, East people tend to stand or sit closer to one another while talking, and think nothing of their proximity to each other

Haptics (touching) Ø While Chinese views opposite-sex handshakes acceptable, Malays and Arabs view contact by opposite-sex handshakes as taboo Ø The friendly full embrace between males in much more acceptable in many Latin American cultures than in Britain or the United States

Haptics (touching) (cont. ) Don’t touch Touch Middle Ground Japan Middle East Countries France U. S. &Canada Latin Countries China England Italy Ireland Scandinavia Australia Estonia Greece Spain&Portugual Russia India

Silence Ø In many cultures, people are more comfortable with longer pauses or periods of silence. Ø In the U. S. , long pauses can become uncomfortable or may be indicative of that fact that someone is upset or choosing to ignore what has been said in the conversation.

Kinesics-hand gestures, body postures "Gestures are a silent language unique to every society. "

Hand Gestures Ø “OK” to U. S. Americans and most of Europeans Ø“money” to the Japanese Øa sexual insult in Brazil and Greece Øa vulgar gesture in Russia Ø“zero” in French.

Hand Gestures (cont. ) Ø The "V Sign", commonly known as "Victory" Ø However, in Britain the “V” sign connotes an insult.

Hand Gestures (cont. ) Ø In Canada and the United States, it signifies approval or encouragement Ø It is offensive throughout the Arab world (e. g. , in Egypt and Kuwait) Ø In Japan it signifies “five” Ø In Germany it is the signal for “one”

Hand Gestures (cont. ) Ø In Italy this gesture has a vulgar meaning Ø In Brazil and Venezuela, the same gesture is considered a good luck sign toward off evil.

Greetings India “namaste” It also means “thank you” and “I’m sorry”. Japan This bow is used to communicate respect when expressing gratitude or an apology.

Greetins (cont. ) New Zealand The Maori tribespeople in New Zealand choose to greet each other with a gesture that shows closeness and friendship: “They rub noses” “abrazo” Most North Americans, Nothern Europeans find any such touching or hugging very uncomfortable. Latin America

Beckoning Ø In the U. S. , it is the common gesture for getting someone’s attention Ø In Japan, pointing the finger at anyone is considered impolite Ø In Germany, the signal means “two”

Beckoning (cont. ) Ø In some American countries, it is used for beckoning Ø In Yugoslavia and Malaysia, that gesture is used only for calling animals. ØMost of Europe and Latin American countries prefer this gesture for signaling “come over here” ØNorth Americans consider it uncomfortable, effeminate, or puzzling.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IN JOB INTERVİEWS v. Body language 55% v. Paralanguage or the intonation 38% v. The verbal content only 7%

Nonverbal Communication During the Interview 1. Make eye contact with the interviewer for a few seconds at a time. 2. Smile and nod (at appropriate times) when the interviewer is talking, but, don't overdo it. Don't laugh unless the interviewer does first.

3. Be polite and keep an even tone to your speech. Don't be too loud or too quiet. 4. Don't slouch. 5. Do relax and lean forward a little towards the interviewer so you appear interested and engaged. 6. Don't lean back. You will look too casual and relaxed. 7. Keep your feet on the floor and your back against the lower back of the chair.

8. Pay attention, be attentive and interested. 9. Listen. 10. Don't interrupt. 11. Stay calm. Even if you had a bad experience at a previous position or were fired, keep your emotions to yourself and do not show anger or frown. 12. Not sure what to do with your hands? Hold a pen and your notepad or rest an arm on the chair or on your lap, so you look comfortable. Don't let your arms fly around the room when you're making a point.

How to Dress for an Interview? Men's Interview Attire • Suit (solid color - navy or dark grey) • Long sleeve shirt (white or coordinated with the suit) • Belt • Tie • Dark socks, conservative leather shoes • Little or no jewelry • Neat, professional hairstyle • Limit the aftershave • Neatly trimmed nails

How to Dress for an Interview? Women's Interview Attire • Suit (navy, black or dark grey) • The suit skirt should be long enough so you can sit down comfortably • Coordinated blouse • Conservative shoes • Limited jewelry (no dangling earrings or arms full of bracelets) • Professional hairstyle • Neutral pantyhose • Light make-up and perfume • Neatly manicured clean nails