Nonverbal Communication http www zzone cn Objectives Understand
Nonverbal Communication http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
Objectives • Understand the definition of nonverbal communication • Understand different types of nonverbal communication • Understand the functions of nonverbal behavior • Understand differences in nonverbal behavior between Chinese culture and American culture http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
1. Defining Nonverbal Communication • In 1952, Birdwhistell’s Introduction to Kinesics marks the beginning of nonverbal communication study. • Edward T. Hall, The Silent Language, The Hidden Dimension, Beyond Culture, and The Dance of Life • Generally Speaking, nonverbal behavior refers to the communication behavior other than verbal behavior. (pitch, volume, rate, quality pause, hesitation etc. ---paralanguage) http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Generally speaking, nonverbal behavior refers to the communication behavior other than verbal behavior. (pitch, volume, rate, quality pause, hesitation etc. --paralanguage) • Nonverbal communication refers to the communication process in which message transmitted( by one or more people) in nonlinguistic form or paralanguage is received (by one or more people) http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
2. The Branches (I)of Nonverbal Communication Studies – Chronemics (时间学)-studying the use and meaning of time – Proxemics(空间学)-studying distance between persons and the use and meaning of the space – Kinesics(身势学)-studying facial expression, body movements and gestures – Haptics(体触学)-studying the message transmitted by body contact http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
3. Branches(II) – Physical Appearance(外表)—studying people’s skin color, dressing, and shape – Oculesics(目光学)-studying the message transmitted by eye contact, blinks, eye movement and pupil dilation – Paralanguage/Vocalics(副语言)-studying the message transmitted by nonlinguistic elements in the sound – Olfactics(嗅觉学)-studying the message transmitted by people’s smell – Time and space combined; kinesics (posture and body movements); paralanguage(sound elements and functional sound); still silence(no action as well as no sound) http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
4. Nonverbal Communication System • The use of time and space • Body behavior---posture and body movements • Behavior of sound--- elements of sound, functional sound, and still silence • Physical appearance---dressing, shape and skin color, use of artifacts, and smell http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
5. Functions of Nonverbal Behavior • Communication behavior: – body language(270, 000); – facial expression(250. 000); – message by facial expression(55%), by pitch(38%), and by verbal codes(7%) http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Functions of NB – Complementing; – contradicting; – repeating; – regulating; – substituting; – accenting (unconscious behavior) http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
6. The Use of Time and Space(I) • Time: Monochronic time system and Polichronic time system • Monochronic: strictly scheduled; (thought patterns)linear and highly fragmented; in industrialized countries; highly efficient, and respectful for privacy; inflexible • Polychronic: slightly or not scheduled; (thought patterns)comprehensive, intuitive, and sensible; in underdeveloped countries; less efficient, and less respectful for privacy; flexible http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
7. The Use of Time and Space(II) • Space: distance between persons; private territory – Contact culture: requires less distance in social communication and pays less attention to private territory. • Mediterranean area; Jewish culture; East European countries and Russia; Indonesia; Latin America http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
noncontact culture: requires more distance in social communication and pays more attention to private territory • Scandinavian countries; Germany; Britain, America; Japanese – Family; Public place; Office; Bank and Office; Elbow one’s way; Queue; Walk shoulder by shoulder; Hand in hand – http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
8. The Use of Space • Talking: face to face; side by side; the two directions of a table corner • Walking upstairs and down stairs • Walking into a lift or other public places • Walking on the pavement • Getting on a bus • Sitting at a dinner table http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
9. Numbers • English – Favorable numbers: 8, 9 – Unfavorable numbers: 13, 3, 2 • Chinese: – Favorable numbers: 8, 9, 6 – Unfavorable numbers: 4 http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
10. Body Behavior • Eye Contact and Facial Expression – Look at each other when talking or at least exchange eye contact – Never trust a person who can’t look you in the eyes. – Staring, gaping • English: impolite, makes others embarrassed and self-conscious • Chinese: curiosity, sometimes surprise http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Gestures: (I) the same gesture carries different implications – Stamping one’s foot • English: impatience • Chinese: anger, irritation, frustration, and remorse – Speaker or performer clapping at the same time the audience applauds • English: applauding oneself, improper, and immodest • Chinese: thank you and mutual positive feelings http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
– Pat on head • English: giving comport, consolation or encouragement; also shows affection • Chinese: seldom used; occasionally used by adults to show affection for children; patting the head of a teenager or adult would cause displeasure and can be insulting http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• The same implication expressed by different gestures – Come here • English: hand extended toward person, closed hand, palm up, with forefinger only moving back and forth • Chinese: hand extended toward person, open palm, palm down, with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
– Sham on you • English: forefinger of each hand extended, palms down in front of one’s body; one forefinger makes several brushing movement over the back of the other forefinger • Chinese: forefinger of one hand extended, tip touches one’s own face several times quickly; similar to scratching, but with the forefinger straight – I’m very full • English: hand raised to throat, fingers extended, palm down • Chinese: one for both hands open, lightly patting one’s own stomach http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Gestures that are specific to English – Chewing one’s fingernails: emotional stress, worried, doesn’t know what to do – Thumbing one’s nose: defiance, contempt – Wagging one’s finger: warning not to do something; indicating that what the other person is doing is wrong http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
– Thumb down: rejection of a proposal, idea, person; no – Winking: understanding, approval, encouragement, trying to get across a message, solidarity • Gestures that are specific to Chinese – Touching or pointing to tip of one’s own nose with raised forefinger: “It’s me” “I’m the one” http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
– Using an open hand to cover one’s mouth while speaking: to show confidentiality and secrecy – Using both hands in offering something to a visitor or another person: respect – Upraised forefinger of each hand coming together in front of the body until the two touch: boy and girl in love; a good match http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
11. Behavior of Sound • Elements of Sound – Speed: the speaking speed of radio or television in both Britain and the US is faster than those in China – Volume: Chinese usually speaks louder than American • Functional sounds – Unfavorable sound • English: impolite • Chinese: OK http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
– Sounds in eating • English: impolite • Chinese: OK – Laughing in a speech • English: impolite • Chinese: OK – Using hands to eat • English: OK • Chinese: unhealthy – Laughing when something unfavorable happens • English: Impolite • Chinese: Impolite http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
– Crying in a funeral • English: weak character • Chinese: OK • Still silence – English: communicative failure – Chinese: OK http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
12. Physical Appearance • Skin color – English: slightly black – Chinese: white • Moustache – English: razing everyday – Chinese: not required • Fine hair over human body – English: razing often – Chinese: usually not http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Hair – English: using wig – Chinese: usually not • Finger – English: dye the fingernail – Chinese: not often • Shape – Tall, slim • Dressing – English: formal and informal for different occasion – Chinese: mixing http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Color (English): Red is lovable; green stands for hope and tranquil; pink is romantic; brown is serious; white is pure; orange is generous; violet is mysterious; turquoise is strong; blue is feminine • Red book; white elephant; green eyes; yellow book http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
• Hat – English: put off hat at home, – Chinese: no hat in bed, show respect for the dead • Shoes – English: putting off shoes carries sexual implications – Chinese: putting off shoes when getting into the house • Smoking • Drinking • Umbrella • Smell http: //www. zzone. cn 中国. 中学政治教学网崇尚互联共享
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