Nonverbal Communication Chapter 6 Verbal communication Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal Communication Chapter 6
Verbal communication Nonverbal communication Vocal Nonvocal spoken words written words Tone of voice, sighs, screams, vocal quality, pitch, volume, etc. Gestures, movement, appearance, facial expressions, touch, etc.
Activity: Greetings and Goodbyes (Standard 16) • Sit in a public area – a mall, the airport, a restaurant, a hotel lobby – and carefully record all nonverbal interaction that you observe (don’t forget clothing, spacing, tone of voice, etc. ). • Speculate on the meanings of the behavior and the relationships between people and write a summary. • Record analyze at least 3 interactions
Functions of Nonverbal Communication • Repeating �combine words and gestures to repeat message • Complementing �tone of voice and words form unified message • Contradicting (mixed messages) �Cingular - Mother Love • Substituting �“the look” from mom/dad; rolling eyes instead of answering • Accenting �Stress certain words to add nonverbal emphasis • Regulating �Nod, “yeah? ”, look away, move towards door
Verbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Complexity one dimension (words only) multiple dimensions (voice, posture, gestures, distance) Flow intermittent (speaking and silence alternate) continuous (it’s impossible not to communicate nonverbally) Clarity less subject to misinterpretation more ambiguous Impact has less impact when verbal and nonverbal cues contradict has stronger impact when verbal and nonverbal cues contradict Intentionality usually deliberate often unintentional
Types of Nonverbal Communication • • Body Movement (Kinesics) Voice (Paralanguage) Touch (Haptics) Appearance Physical Space (Proxemics) Physical Environment Time (Chronemics)
Body Movement (Kinesics) Don’t underestimate the importance of body language
Body Movement (Kinesics) • Body Orientation �Facing towards or away from someone with body, feet, and head. �Facing someone directly = _____ �Facing away from someone = _____ Discuss: �What does it mean to “turn your back on someone”? �What does this say about the importance of body orientation in communication?
Body Movement (Kinesics) • Posture �I won’t take this lying down! (Nor will I stand for it!) �Inflammable �I feel the weight of the world on my shoulders. �He’s a real slouch in the office (but not on the basketball court!) �She’s been sitting on this project for weeks. Posture is perhaps the least ambiguous of all nonverbal behavior. Discuss: �In a study, participants who assigned an emotion to 176 different mannequins agreed 90% of the time. Why is it so easy to tell emotion from posture?
Body Movement (Kinesics) • Activity �Several volunteers will choose an emotional state ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Anger Fear Exhaustion Sadness Happiness Disgust Surprise �Participants will stand in front of the class in a posture that indicates the selected emotion and the class will try and guess.
Body Movement (Kinesics) • Gestures - movement of hands and arms ▫ Illustrators �Movements that accompany speech but don’t stand for anything on their own (pointing while giving directions) ▫ Emblems �Deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a precise meaning within a cultural group Discuss: What emblems can you think of and what do they mean? Try making a gesture and see if the class can identify the intent. ▫ Adaptors �Unconscious movements in response to the environment (crossing arms when you’re cold)
Body Movement (Kinesics) • Face and Eyes ▫ 8 distinguishable positions for eyebrows/forehead ▫ 8 positions for eyes/lids ▫ 10 positions for the lower face ▫ Facial microexpressions can last less than a second Discuss: Read the article “Blindness and Nonverbal Cues” and discuss the idea of learned/observed nonverbal behavior.
Body Movement (Kinesics) • Gmail Motion Introducing Gmail Motion Want to try it? • Discuss: Do you think this is the future, or just a fad/novelty?
Voice (Paralanguage) • Paralanguage is everything in a vocal message other than the actual words (verbal component). ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Tone Rate Pitch Volume Pauses Emphasis Disfluencies/filler words (uh, er, um, like, so, okay)
Voice (Paralanguage) Activity: Say “oh” in a manner that suggests each of the following ideas: • • You surprised me I made a mistake You’re a pain in the neck You make me so happy I’m bored I’m fascinated I understand I don’t understand
I did not know about an application for camp or dues? Where do I get an application for camp? I gave my Boy Scout application and 40$ which I thought was my dues? This is all confusing to me? Thanks, Kim
NPR Story • Helping Transgender People Find Their Voice
Voice (Paralanguage) • Secrets of Body Language - History Channel • Barack Obama - Iowa Caucus Victory Speech
Touch (Haptics) • Touch serves several important functions in communication: �function/professional (dental exam, haircut) �social/polite (handshake) �friendship/warmth (clap on the back, fist bump) �sexual arousal (kisses, strokes) �aggression (shoves, slaps)
Touch (Haptics) • Certainly, some nonverbal actions can occur in several contexts or types of relationships. Variables include: �which part of the body does the touching �which part of the body is touched �how long the touch lasts �how much pressure is used �whethere is movement after contact is made �whether anyone else is present �the situation in which the touch occurs �the relationship between the two people involved
Discussion
• Much is being made of Michelle Obama and Queen Elizabeth's embrace. As the First Lady and Queen chatted at the G-20 reception on Wednesday night, the Queen touched her hand to Michelle Obama's back, and the gesture was then returned. Royal etiquette dictates that the Queen not be touched unless she reaches out first. Patting the Queen's back, however, is almost unprecedented behavior in Buckingham Palace. • No-one - including the ladies-in-waiting standing nearby - could believe their eyes. In 57 years, the Queen has never been seen to make that kind of gesture and it is certainly against all protocol to touch her. 'But she didn't seem to mind a bit and was smiling and joking throughout, ' the eyewitness said. John Oliver Explains Why You Can't Touch the Queen
Appearance • Physical Attractiveness �this is engrained from an early age �posture, gestures, facial expressions can all increase attractiveness �attractive people get higher grades, lighter punishment, and are seen as kind, strong, sensitive, sociable, and interesting.
Appearance • Do you think we have a distorted image of beauty? ▫ Evolution of Beauty ▫ Global Beauty Standards
Appearance • How do we make assumptions based on appearance? • Go Beyond The Cover
Appearance • Dove sketch artist Dove Real Beauty Sketches - Men Photoshopping Real Women Into Cover Models
Appearance • Clothing �economic background �economic level �educational background �educational level �level of sophistication �moral character �social background �social position �trustworthiness
Appearance Discussion - What is typical, accepted clothing for MVHS students today? What does your current outfit say about you? (write it down) Do your classmates agree? (share) Activity - - Break students into six groups, divided by gender. As a class identify 3 contemporary stereotypes at MVHS (jock, nerd, prep, goth, hipster, etc. ) Each group will be given a stereotype (a male and a female group to each stereotype). Write a description of what each stereotype’s appearance is. How does this person dress? How do they hold themselves (posture)? What does this appearance reveal about the items on the previous slide? In what ways do the male and female groups agree or differ?
Physical Space (Proxemics)
Physical Space – Distance INTIMATE PERSONAL SOCIAL PUBLIC < 18 inches 1 ½ - 4 feet 4 – 12 feet > 12 feet Used in private situations or with close friends: caressing, comforting, and protecting Used by most couples in public; reasonably close relationships, but not intimate: “at arm’s length” Less relaxed; is the ordinary distance people maintain in most business exchanges Typical classroom distance; two way communication becomes increasingly difficult or impossible
Physical Space - Territoriality • our “personal bubble” goes with us and varies in different settings, but our concept of territory remains stationary Ø Identify geographical areas you consider to be your territory. Ø What causes this feeling of ownership?
Physical Space - Territoriality • How does territory communicate nonverbally? Consider the following situations: �An employee entering the boss’ office vs. a coworker’s cubicle �A student being in the teacher’s lounge �Military housing provided to enlisted men vs. officers �A guest sitting in “your chair” in the living room �A freshman sitting at the “senior table” in the commons ▫ What other examples of territory can you think of?
Physical Environment • Environment can shape the kind of communication that takes place in it. �People working in “beautiful” rooms were more energetic and productive than those working in “average” or “ugly” rooms. �Teachers who have well-decorated desks/rooms are seen to be more credible than those in less-attractive spaces �Cubicles that face out (instead of in) indicate collaboration and openness between co-workers
Physical Environment • Consider two rooms. Which one is more “attractive”? Which one is more inviting? ▫ A living room with brightly painted walls, a couch with worn cushions, and children’s toys scattered on the floor ▫ A living room with conservative paint, formal painting on the walls, brand new furniture, and plastic lamp covers.
Physical Environment • Interior decorating schemes communicate accurately an owner’s ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Intellectualism Politeness Maturity Optimism Tenseness Willingness to take adventures Family orientations
Activity: Physical Environment • Take a picture of your living space and email it to Mr. Stephens (tstephens@mvcsd. org) • Tomorrow, the class will try to match the room to the correct student based on nonverbal cues. (homework)
Physical Environment
Physical Environment
Physical Environment
Physical Environment
Physical Environment
Time (Chronemics) • The amount of time spent in a relationship sends messages about valuing that person. �“spending time together” is the single greatest indicator of relational satisfaction and longevity. • The length of time it takes to respond to a message (mediated or face to face) has a strong connection to perceptions of that person. Discuss: Think of a situation in which someone’s timeliness (or lack thereof) sent a clear nonverbal message.
Time (Chronemics) Discussion: Would you expect an email reply from a customer service department on Sunday afternoon? Why or why not? Would you expect an email reply from a teacher/coach on a Friday evening? Why or why not? What role do expectations play in our interpretation of timing issues?
Review: Nonverbal Communication • • Body Movement (Kinesics) Voice (Paralanguage) Touch (Haptics) Appearance Physical Space (Proxemics) Physical Environment Time (Chronemics) • Friends - paralinguistics review
Nonverbal Deception Clues • When message senders are telling lies, their nonverbal behavior sometimes gives them away. • Think about: �“poker face” �pupil dilation �slower rate of speech �higher pitch �FBI Agent Explains How To Spot Liars �How To Spot a Liar
Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous
Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous Letter to Safeway Food Stores
Activity 6. 4: Nonverbal Analysis
Gender Influences on Nonverbal Communication • Generally, women are more nonverbally expressive. Compared to men, women are more likely to: �smile more �use more facial expression �use more (but smaller) head, hand, and arm gestures �touch others more �stand closer to others �be more vocally expressive �make more eye contact • Discuss: Take a look at this list. Do you agree? Is there anything that should be added/removed/changed? Is the list the same for high school age people?
Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Communication Region Meaning United States “OK” France, Belgium “You’re worth zero” Greece, Turkey vulgar sexual insult
Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Communication Region Meaning United States peace or victory United Kingdom insult (palm inward) Vietnam hello • Gestures To Avoid When Traveling Abroad
Cultural Influences Americans Conduct business at about 4 feet Middle Eastern people Prefer much smaller distance Latin America southern Europe Middle East direct eye contact Asia India northern Europe peripheral eye contact (or none at all) North America Switzerland Germany monochronic on schedule, one task at a time South America Mediterranean Middle East polychronic flexible schedules, muti-tasking Distance Eye Contact Time
Activity F: Giving Directions • Three volunteers will give directions from MVHS to his/her house, or another point in town.
Graded Activity 6. 2: Describing Nonverbal Behaviors Chapter Review
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