NONVASCULAR PLANTS JRMG 2010 Bio 1 WHAT ARE

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS JRMG 2010 Bio 1

WHAT ARE PLANTS? ? ?

KINGDOM PLANTAE • Multicellular eukaryotes • CW: cellulose • Chlorophyll a and b • “STATIONARY ANIMALS EAT SUNLIGHT” • Immobile • Alternation of Generations

Basic Plant LIFE CYCLE

NEEDS of PLANTS • • Sunlight Water Minerals Gas

Overview of Plant Evolution • Algae- water • Land plants – Light and CO 2 – Water and Minerals – Shoot system • Cuticle (2º product) • Lignin • Sporopollenin*

HOW DID PLANTS BECOME SUCCESFUL ON LAND? ? ? ?

PLANT EVOLUTION: AS EMBRYOPHYTES • Gametes: non-aquatic environment • Embryos: protected • From EARLY PLANTS: – Gametangia • Production, protection, site of fertilization – Transformation to Embryophytes

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS • Oxygen existence – Algae – Photosynthetic prokaryotes • Ancestral algal species – Charophytes • Cooksonia

CHAROPHYTES • branch of Phylum Chlorophyta • plant ancestor Chara braunii

CHAROPHYTES Chaetosporidium Choleochaete orbicularis

Cooksonia

Kingdom Plantae

History of Terrestrial Adaptation Charophytes: aquatic ancestors • 1 ST ADAPTATION: Spores→Sporopollenin – Jacketed gametangia • EMERGENCE OF BRYOPHYTES

Sporopollenin Cuticle

Gametangia

• 2 ND ADAPTATION: Vascular tissues • EMERGENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTS

• 3 RD ADAPTATION: ORIGIN OF SEED • Colonization of land plants – Naked seeds • EMERGENCE OF GYMNOSPERMS

• 4 TH ADAPTATION: Modification of seeds – Protective coat • EMERGENCE OF ANGIOSPERMS

BREAKDOWN OF K. PLANTAE • Non- vascular plants – P. Bryophyta, P. Hepatophyta and P. Anthocerophyta • Vascular plants/ TRACHEOPHYTA – Gymnosperms – Angiosperms

NON- VASCULAR PLANTS • Without vascular tissue • Life cycle depends: water (reproduction)

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA • • Environment: water Moist habitat and nutrient poor soil Can tolerate low temp STRUCTURE – Stalk + capsule= sporophyte – Leaf like and stem like structure • gametophyte • Life cycle (http: //www. zo. utexas. edu/faculty/sjasper/bio 213/plants. html)

Sphagnum

PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA • Liverworts • Gametophyte: umbrella like (gametangia) – Archaegonium – Antheridium • ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Gemmae – Haploid cells – Gemmae cups

Marchantia polymorpha

Female gametophyte Male gametophyte

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

RHIZOID

Asexual Reproduction

PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA • Damp soil • Sporophyte: horn-like • Sporophyte reamins attached to the gametophyte – divides continuously • Large chloropast/cell

Anthoceros Dendroceros

Dendroceros

LIFE CYCLE: SEXUAL