Noncommunicable diseases David Redfern Noncommunicable diseases The global

Non-communicable diseases David Redfern

Non-communicable diseases The global situation (1) • Global mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remains unacceptably high and is increasing. 38 million people die each year from NCDs, mainly from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. • Over 14 million deaths from NCDs occur between the ages of 30 and 70 each year, of which 85% are in developing countries.

Non-communicable diseases The global situation (2) • The number of NCD deaths has increased worldwide and in every World Health Organization (WHO) region since 2000. • Over 80% of NCD deaths — 29 million — occur in low- and middle-income countries. • Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, 17. 3 million people annually, followed by cancers (7. 6 million), respiratory diseases (4. 2 million), and diabetes (1. 3 million). These four groups of diseases account for around 80% of all NCD deaths.

Non-communicable diseases Source: WHO (2014)

Non-communicable diseases Behavioural risk factors • Tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol increase the risk of, or cause, most NCDs. • Tobacco use accounts for almost 6 million deaths every year (including over 600, 000 deaths from exposure to second-hand smoke), and is projected to increase to 8 million by 2030. • About 3. 2 million deaths annually can be attributed to insufficient physical activity. • Approximately 1. 7 million deaths are attributable to low fruit and vegetable consumption. • Half of the 2. 3 million annual deaths attributable to harmful drinking are from NCDs.

Non-communicable diseases National scale: selected countries and indicators Country Afghanistan India Iran UK Low income group Lower middle income group Upper middle income group High income group Proportion of deaths from cardiovascular diseases (%) 19 26 46 31 Proportion of deaths from cancers (%) 6 7 13 29 Proportion of deaths from chronic respiratory diseases (%) 3 13 4 8 Proportion of deaths from diabetes (%) 1 2 2 1 Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from the four main NCDs (%) 31 26 17 12 Indicator Male Female % tobacco smoking daily (2011) N/A Total alcohol consumption per capita (litres per year) (2010) 1. 2 0. 1 % raised blood pressure (2008) 23 % obese (2008) 1. 4 Source: WHO (2014) Total Male Female 25 Total Male Female Total 4 15 26 0. 5 14 0. 7 8. 0 0. 5 4. 3 1. 7 0. 3 22 23 21 21 21 22 3. 0 2. 2 1. 3 2. 4 1. 9 12. 4 26 26. 5 Male Female Total 22 22 22 1 16. 9 11. 6 24 31 25 28 19. 4 26 28 27

Non-communicable diseases Obesity • The number of people in the world who are obese or overweight has topped 2. 1 billion, up from 875 million in 1980. • More than half of the world's 670 million obese people live in ten countries, ranked in order: USA, China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Germany, Pakistan, Indonesia. • The UK has the third highest rates in western Europe, with 67% of men and 57% of women overweight or obese. Source: The Lancet (May 2014)

Non-communicable diseases The WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013– 2020 (1) This has six global objectives: • Make prevention and control of NCDs a priority • Strengthen national capabilities and leadership • Reduce modifiable risk factors • Strengthen health systems • Promote high-quality research • Monitor trends of disease Without taking action WHO estimates a $7 trillion loss of productivity. WHO states that the annual cost of the action plan is $11 billion.

Non-communicable diseases The WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013– 2020 (2) WHO has set a global target of a 25% reduction in premature mortality from NCDs by 2025. This is to be achieved by nine targets: • Establish 80% availability of affordable technology and medicine to treat NCDs • Ensure that 50% of people receive preventive therapy for heart attacks and strokes • Half the rise in diabetes and obesity • 30% reduction in salt intake

Non-communicable diseases The WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013– 2020 (3) • 10% reduction in the harmful use of alcohol • 25% reduction in premature death of people aged 30 to 70 from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases • 10% reduction in prevalence of insufficient physical activity • 30% reduction in tobacco use • 25% reduction in prevalence of high blood pressure

Non-communicable diseases Useful weblinks Some of the weblinks used for this presentation are: http: //www. who. int/nmh/en/ http: //www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/noncommunicable-diseases/en/ http: //gamapserver. who. int/map. Library/ An interesting perspective on the issues of obesity and diabetes in India can be found at: http: //www. cseindia. org/userfiles/presentation_cse. pdf