Nominativum aka Subiectum n n The subject performs

Nominativum (aka Subiectum) n n The subject performs the verb action. Singular subjects have singular verbs ¨ 1 st declension ends in –a ¨ 2 nd declension ends in –us or –r ¨ 3 rd declension has various endings n Plural subjects have plural verbs ¨ 1 st declension ends in –ae ¨ 2 nd declension ends in –i ¨ 3 rd declension ends in -es -a -us, -r X -ae -i -es

Nominativum n Subjects and complements both use the nominative case. ¨ Aqua in piscinā est frigida. ¨ Cornelius est senator Romanus. ¨ Mater est occupata. n Make sure the subjects and verbs agree in number!

Accusativum (aka Obiectum) n n The direct object receives the action of the verb. I know you. The singular accusative ends in an –m. ¨ 1 st declension ends in –am. ¨ 2 nd declension ends in –um. ¨ 3 rd declension ends in –em. n Plural accusative always ends in an –s. ¨ 1 st declension ends in –as. ¨ 2 nd declension ends in –os. ¨ 3 rd declension ends in –es.

Describe these pictures in as much detail as you can, using the nominative and accusative cases.

Casus Genitivus n Used to show possessor ¨ -ae / -arum = 1 st declension ¨ -i / -orum = 2 nd declension ¨ -is / -um = 3 rd declension n Translate “of” or with apostrophe It must be next to the noun it possesses (usually follows it). Must be learned for vocabulary ¨ Tells what declension a noun ¨ Shows the base of the word is

Describe in detail one of these pictures using genitives, both singular and plural, from all three declensions.

Nominative Genitive (usually singular) Gender soror, mater, filia, soror filius, matr filiae i is , m. f. , , f. daughter son mother sister 1. Tells us what declension the noun is • -ae = 1 st declension • -i = 2 nd declension • -is = 3 rd declension 2. By dropping this ending, we know what the base of the noun is. English meaning

Casus Ablativus n Is used with Latin prepositions ¨e / ex ¨ Sub ¨ in ¨ cum n Can be used without a Latin preposition (“naked ablative”). Translate using “by”, “with”, “from”, or “in”.

Casus Ablativus Nudus Naked Ablatives: by, with, from , in n Means / instrument: answers Latin question Quo instrumento? The tool the subject uses goes in the ablative case without a preposition. n Time: answers Latin question Quando? Tells when the action of the sentence takes place. n

Ablatives tell us: • Where (using prepositional phrases) Davus in fossā stat. Geta e villā effugit. • What time (naked ablative) Brevi tempore Cornelia est defessa. Cornelia in villā aestate habitat. • What was used (naked ablative) Pueri puellas vocibus terrent. Marcus lupum ramo repellit. • In what manner the action was done. Davus magnā voce clamat.

Describe these pictures using ablatives of means, time, manner, place where, accompaniment.

Praepositiones n n n Prepositional phrases usually describe physical location or movement direction. Prepositions are used with only two cases: ablative and accusative. Most prepositions “take” the accusative. The ones we have learned are ad, per, prope, and in (“into”). There are only 9 prepositions that “take” the ablative. The ones we have learned are sub, e/ex, and in (“in / on”), cum. Remember SID SPACE! In a sentence, keep the preposition and it’s noun next to each other.

Write sentences about these pictures using as many prepositional phrases as you can. Praepositiones ablativo serviunt. e / ex sub cum in Praepositiones accusativo serviunt. prope per in ad

Vocative Case Is used when calling someone by name. n It’s endings are identical to the nominative except for the 2 nd declension singular: n ¨ -us nouns have a vocative ending of –e. ¨ -ius nouns have a vocative ending of –i. n Watch your verb endings in sentences with vocatives. The subject of the sentence could be “you” or “y’all”.

What other case hascase endings identical The vocative is used when to the vocative? Can you spot the exception? directly addressing someone by name. 1. Quid facis, Flavia? 2. Quid facitis, ancillae? 3. Abite, molesti pueri! 4. Cur nihil facitis, servi ignavi! 5. Pater! Nuntius in villā est! 6. Senatores! Tempus est ad urbem redire. 7. Cave, Sexte! Descende, Sexte! 8. Scribisne epistulas, Corneli?

Miscellania n n n All nouns have gender: masculine, feminine, and we will learn neuter at a later date Nouns we have met fall into 3 declensions Adjectives have to have the same gender and number as the noun they modify. ¨ Pater occupatus ¨ Ancillae strenuae ¨ Servi defessi

Verbum Verba have singular and plural endings. n They change number according to their subject. n They can be transitive and take a direct object. n Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object, so don’t even look for one! n

Personal Endings n n I -m or –o you -s he/she/it -t we -mus y’all -tis they -nt Latin uses personal endings on its verbs instead of separate pronoun subjects as English does. The Latin personal endings correspond to the same pronoun subjects that English uses. A Latin verb has its subject built in to the verb. It is not necessary to have a subject noun or pronoun for a Latin sentence. nos consulimus = we consult But most importantly…. READ A LATIN VERB BACKWARDS!

Read a Latin verb “backwards” induimus excitas s intratis = = = we put on you awaken y’all enter

o mus nt tis t s mus tis

Do you remember these categories of verbs? Let’s give them names. portāre timēre surgere arripere audire porto portas portat portamus portatis portant timeo times timet timemus timetis timent surgo surgis surgit surgimus surgitis surgunt arripio arripis arripit arripimus arripitis arripiunt audio audis audit audimus auditis audiunt 1 st conjugation 2 nd conjugation 3 rd – i conjugation 4 th conjugation Which conjugation / category do the following verbs follow? excitāre, conspicere, docēre, agere, induere, intrāre, venire?

Imperatives n n n The special verb form to give a command is called an imperative. The imperative verb has no subject (“you” understood). Singular imperatives are used when giving a command to one person. ¨ n Imperatives singular are formed by dropping the –re off the infinitive form. Plural imperatives are used when giving a command to two or more people. Imperatives plural are formed in the 1 st, 2 nd, & 4 th conjugations by adding –te to the singular form. ¨ Imperatives plural in the 3 rd conjugation end in –ite. ¨

Infinitivum n n Can never be the only verb in a sentence. It is usually introduced by verbs such as: ¨ vult ¨ potest ¨ necesse ¨ amat ¨ timet ¨ parat n Cornelius multas epistulas scribere vult. est It is called complementary because it completes the meaning of the sentence.

Write a story about this picturing using the following guidelines: • Tell the story from the viewpoint of one of the characters, using “I”, “we”, and “you” verbs. • Include at least one genitive ursus, ursi, m. bear porcellus, porcelli, m. piglet Ior, ioris, m. Eyore tigris, m. tiger • Include three uses of the ablative: 1. Ablative with a Latin preposition 2. Ablative of time (naked abl) 3. Ablative of means (naked abl) • Include the following vocabulary: amicus fero, ferre invenio, invenire traho, trahere bonus, bona miser, misera absum, abest area quam cum