Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 18 pp

The Eurasian Steppe • A belt of grassland from East Asia to Eastern Europe

Mongol World War • Temujin • The Great Khan – Chinggis Khan • Begins

Technology and Innovation • Composite recurve bow • Military organization – the Tumen 10,

Social Organization • Two social classes: Nobles and commoners • Heredity titles passed on

Economic • Pastoral societies economies are based on herding • Trade with agrarian societies

Cultural Interactions • Spread of religion • Migration: talented individuals • Diplomatic missions: Embassies

Political • Mongol rule was decentralized • Monarchy – Khanates • Social mobility •

Mongol Decline • Assimilation • Population: 100, 000 -160, 000 • Bubonic plague •

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Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 18 pp. 461 -480

The Eurasian Steppe • A belt of grassland from East Asia to Eastern Europe • Agriculture difficult • Herding leads to nomadic lifestyle • Low population • Great horseman, hunters, archers, warriors • Mongols, Turks, Indo-Iranians, Xiongnu (many others). Berbers (Africa). Bedouins (Arabia) • Always needed/ coveted goods from cities (trade or raid)

Mongol World War • Temujin • The Great Khan – Chinggis Khan • Begins conquests outside of Mongolia 1206 CE • Largest land empire • 40 -million deaths? • Baghdad devastated • Conquer China (Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan) • Christian Europe • Kievan Rus destroyed • Mongol failures • India, Southeast Asia, Japan • Mamluks defeat Mongols @ Battle of Ain Jalut 1260 CE

Technology and Innovation • Composite recurve bow • Military organization – the Tumen 10, 000 • Military tactics – feints, mounted archers, terror • Mongol mobility • Recruitment of foreigners – artisans, craftsmen, engineers • Postal system

Social Organization • Two social classes: Nobles and commoners • Heredity titles passed on but social mobility was possible • Clan and tribal system • Women = made clothes, milked the animals, made cheese, cooked food, raised the gers (yurts) • Men = handled the herds and went to battle • A place for skilled foreigners

Economic • Pastoral societies economies are based on herding • Trade with agrarian societies • Pax Mongolia – encouraged trade (Revival of Silk roads) • Increase in trade volume • Direct link of China and western Europe for the 1 st time

Cultural Interactions • Spread of religion • Migration: talented individuals • Diplomatic missions: Embassies • Bubonic plague • Yuan Dynasty = Mongols settle down in China; elites convert to Buddhism • Mongols convert to Islam in the Ilkhanate (Persia)

Political • Mongol rule was decentralized • Monarchy – Khanates • Social mobility • Relied on local political system to rule • In China they found Yuan Dynasty hire foreigners to govern. Mongols hold power. Chinese excluded. • In the Middle East rely on local bureaucracy • Tributary states

Mongol Decline • Assimilation • Population: 100, 000 -160, 000 • Bubonic plague • Factual divides • Poor governance • Economic (Persia) • Cultural (China) • Tamerlane