Noble Savage What is the noble savage myth
Noble Savage • What is the noble savage myth? • How does it impact US interactions with Native Americans? • What other myths does the US have about the Native Americans?
Native Americans and the Constitution • Open your pocket Constitutions and find where Native Americans are addressed • Write down the section in the Constitution • What relationship does this set up between the US government and the Native American tribes?
Key Supreme Court Cases • Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) – “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which, their authority is exclusive, and having a right to all the lands within those boundaries, which is not only acknowledged but guaranteed by the United States. ” – Implications • Talton vs. Mayes (1896) – Indian tribes are not bound to the 5 th amendment – Implications • Do these cases reinforce or alter what the Constitution states about Native Americans?
Key Supreme Court Cases • 1831 --Chief Justice Marshall--Guardian and ward • 1886 --US vs. Kagama – “These Indian tribes are wards of the nation. ” – Gives authority to pass Dawes Act • Do these cases reinforce or alter what the Constitution states about Native Americans?
Native American Agency • Many different tribes • Unwilling to leave • War of 1812: Fight with British to prevent Westward Expansion • Indian Removal Act (1830) – Jackson • Sphere?
Step 3: Native Americans • “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That it shall and may be lawful for the President of the United States to cause so much of any territory
Trail of Tears Expansion or Imperialism?
Trail of Tears
Post Civil War • Peace policy-President Grant (post Civil War) – Turned over reservation administration to missionaries – “Would hasten the day when Native Americans would, ‘live in houses and
Post Civil War • Assimilation--Americanization – Dawes Act--1887 (pg 412) • 1881=155 m acres, 1890, 104 m acres, 1900 77 m acres – Established boarding schools and normal schools – Reallocated land to Native Americans
Reformers and Missionaries • Mohonk Conferences (fall 1887) – Formalized goals for reformers in assimilating the Native Americans – Created the Dawes Act (1887) • 1881=155 m acres, 1890, 104 m acres, 1900 77 m acres – 3 goals--CCE • Christianity • Citizenship • Education – Who was there? • Religious leaders • Education leaders
1879
• Credit: Library of Congress Indian Boys and Girls in a Carlisle School Classroom, 1901. Education at the Carlisle School emphasized drilling, recitations, and discipline. Through these activities, its instructors believed, Indian children could assimilate into modern industrial society and become "patriotic citizens. "
The Porto Rican Indians of the Carlisle School
A Navajo boy named Tom Torlino as he entered the Carlisle Indian School and a short time after the "reforming" process had begun.
1894 graduating class, Carlisle PA Indian School. Used by permission Denver Public Library, X-32087
Lilly Quoetone Nahwooksy and Cynthia Mithlo, Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, Indian Boarding School, Circa late 1800's. Photo from an exhibit book from Museum of the Great Plains, Lawton, Oklahoma.
Fort Sill Oklahoma Indian Boarding school students and teachers in front of the girls' dormitory in 1918. Photo from an exhibit book from Museum of the Great Plains, Lawton, Oklahoma.
At the Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, Indian Boarding School, the older boys worked on the farm, at the sawmill and in the carpenter and blacksmith shops where they were trained in carpentry, painting and harness making. Circa late 1800 s.
Students (mostly Sioux) who attended the Genoa Industrial School for Indian Youth in Nebraska in 1910.
Matron Mrs. Miller with party of girls in mid 1890 s at the Fort Lewis Indian Boarding School.
Fort Lewis Indian Boarding School Baseball Team
Mandolin and Guitar Players at the Grand Junction Indian School
19 th-Century Indian Wars Battle of Tippecanoe (1811; Shawnee) Seminole Wars (1816 -18, 1835 -42, 1855 -58) Black Hawk War (1832; Sauk and Fox) Navajo conflicts (1849 -63) Sioux Wars (1854 -90) inc. Battle of Little Bighorn 1876; Wounded Knee 1890 Apache conflicts (1861 -1900) Ute Wars (1865 -68, 1879) Nez Perce War (1877)
End of Reform… AKA That didn’t work…war? • By 20 th century, reform is over • Why? – 1. CCE does not assimilate tribes – 2. New Native American leaders rise that call for the protection rather than destruction of their culture – 3. Citizenship does not
Native American Response • How does Chief Joseph respond to the US government policy? – Battles • How does this parallel other forms of protest were have seen during the year? – Why the same? – Why different?
Major Battles • Little Big Horn – 1875 – Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse • Nez Perces – Chief Joseph • Battle of Wounded Knee – 1890 – Significant • End of the literal fighting
Expansion? Imperialism? • Why?
Juggling Act: Native Americans up to 1900 Isolationism American Ideals: Manifest Destiny Practical interests
Equality and Hierarchy: Native Americans • Snyder Act mini-theme – Native Americans are made citizens of the US but still maintain their land tribal identities. • Merriam Report-1928 – What does this parallel? • Equality? Hierarchy? • Review – Blacks – Women – Individualism or Collectivism?
1930 s • 1934 --Indian Reorganization Act (part of New Deal) – By 1934 only 48 m acres left – Restored tribal control over land – Led by John Collier--New Deal commissioner of Indian affairs – Stopped practice of discouraging Indian religions and customs – Effect on “Melting Pot” – Media Images are stereotypical – Economic and Social development-- • Still have cultural and political freedom
Stats • Between 1934 and 1947 – Land base increases by 3. 7 million acres – Livestock increased from 171, 000 to 361, 000 – Agricultural revenue increases from 1. 85 million to 49 million dollars – Arts revitalized – New emphasis on standard of living – Advances in education in health – $10 million credit fund • Equality? Hierarchy?
1930 s: Review • Blacks: – Equality? Hierarchy? • Women: – Equality? Hierarchy?
Native Americans and WWII • • 25000 serve in the war Land taken for war effort Fear of communism leads to desire for conformity Again--forced assimilation Codetalkers Equality? Hierarchy? Blacks – Equality? Hierarchy? • Women – Equality? Hierarchy?
Termination (mid 1940 s) • Public Law 280 – States have jurisdiction over civil and criminal trials on reservations. – Congress intends to end relations with tribes • Why significant? • Termination Policy – Tribes formed to move to cities – Funds and administration turned over to private banks – “emancipate” Native Americans from federal control • Equality? Hierarchy?
Civil Rights Movement • 1958 --Termination begins to be reversed • Native Americans benefit from Civil Rights Movements (external event) – Collectivism and equality • Kennedy and Johnson aware of Native American rights (national gov’t role) – collectivism • Self-determination replaces termination (Native American role) • Equality? Hierarchy?
Native American Civil Rights • 1960 --Goals and actions – Desire for more autonomy – Raise awareness – Uncle Tomahawks and apples – Red Power – AIM • Pan Indian spirit • Renewal of confidence and pride – Dual Goals • 1. Rights as US citizens--benefits from legislation • 2. Rights are tribes--uses Supreme Court – Conflict?
Leaders and Groups • The following groups helped to gain rights for Native Americans – Federal Government--Lyndon Johnson and JFK • Voting Rights Act • Fair Housing Act – All explicitly include Native Americans – AIM • Raised awareness • Forced gov’t involvement – Siege at Wounded Knee – NCAI--National Congress of American Indians • 1944 • Unites Native Americans • Help resist termination policy • Pan-Indian spirit
Agency • Occupation of Alcatraz Island • Occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs – Trail of Broken Treaties • Progress? – Indian Rights Act of 1968 – Inclusivity – Legal tactics
In the end… • Overall, what has the relationship been between Native Americans and the National Government? • Now that you know the history, does US government interaction with Native Americans represent expansion or imperialism? • Equality? Hierarchy? • Similarities to Black Civil Rights/Women’s Rights • Differences to Black Civil Rights/Women’s Rights
Back to Foreign Policy 1890 • How does the US Justify their expansion and actions? – Using your homework by Mc. Kinley and Bryan by Josiah Strong, highlight the justifications for and against US expansion.
Manifest Destiny • How does Manifest Destiny tie to the Turner Thesis? – Safety valve – Now must push overseas • White Man’s Burden – What other justifications are used in Manifest Destiny?
Justifications (at first used toward Native Americans) • 1831 --Chief Justice Marshall--Guardian and ward • 1886 --US vs. Kagama – “These Indian tribes are wards of the nation. ” – Gives authority to pass Dawes Act • Social Darwinism
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