No criminal justice system A distinctively American lack

What developments and changes will effect crimes reported in press?

The Narrative: State governments attempted to wrest power from local officials and communities and

§ New Federal Crimes against Morality: § Mann Act (1910) § Harrison Act (1914)

§ ‘Modern’ criminal courts: § Felony Courts § Greater focus on logic of the

§ Judges § Spread of merit plans (33 states at present) § Still elected

§ Sidelining the Jury: § Plea bargaining: in hands of professionals § Bench trials

§ End of lynching § Establishment of death penalty § African- American campaigns §

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No criminal justice system: A distinctively American lack of centralized policy coordination

What developments and changes will effect crimes reported in press?

The Narrative: State governments attempted to wrest power from local officials and communities and make criminal justice more formal – and the federal government took an increasing interest in criminal justice, creating federal crimes, taking on increased policing and a role as guarantor of civil liberties and civil rights. The result was parallel and overlapping processes operating at local, state and federal levels. § 1865 -1900: State government vs. Popular Justice § 1900 -1920: Progressive Reform & Social Responsibility for Crime § 1920 -WW 2: Crime Control § WW 2 -1970 s: The Liberal Moment § 1970 s to the present: The Severity Revolution

§ New Federal Crimes against Morality: § Mann Act (1910) § Harrison Act (1914) § National Prohibition (1920) § National study of criminal justice: the Wickersham Commission & the ‘third degree’ § fed argument that local administration of criminal justice (legal process not legal definitions) must answer to national constitutional standards § Not until 1950 s/60 s that protections of Bill of Rights extended to accused in state courts § New Federal Crimes and Enforcement (1930 s) § Kidnapping, fugitive felons, interstate theft § FBI to enforce: the most professional law enforcement § Model Penal Code (1960 s): a national criminal law, not nationally adopted

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§ ‘Modern’ criminal courts: § Felony Courts § Greater focus on logic of the law § Greater role for police & medical examiner (not neighbors & politicians) § From local & personal evidence to expert witnesses § Lower Courts § Judges with legal training replace JPs, but few lawyers § Chaotic environment § Going to court brought legal system into lives § Centralized, bureaucratic structures, organized like businesses § Specialized Courts: the Chicago Morals Court § Incorporated psychiatry, medicine & social work into everyday practice

§ Judges § Spread of merit plans (33 states at present) § Still elected § Partisan and non-Partisan elections § Prosecutors § Head of office elected; staff appointed § Staff are political appointments – not lawyers into 1930 s § Lack of expertise = role for private groups

§ Sidelining the Jury: § Plea bargaining: in hands of professionals § Bench trials § The persistence of jury nullification: gambling § Modernizing the Police § Into cars, on the radio, off the streets – and out of contact with population § More training: college cops § Militarized § Result: bureaucratic, isolated, inward looking, defensive

§ End of lynching § Establishment of death penalty § African- American campaigns § Rejected by southern elites § Rioting § Reactions to crime § Shifts to reactions to policing