Nixon Ford Carter 8 1 I C The

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Nixon, Ford, Carter

Nixon, Ford, Carter

8. 1 I C- The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect

8. 1 I C- The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (détente)

Nixon’s Foreign Policy • After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era

Nixon’s Foreign Policy • After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation. ” • First Inaugural Address • Nixon and USSR • Détente – Peaceful negotiations and weapon limitations between the two nations. Based in mutual benefit for US and USSR. • SALT I – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty • The treaty was not as important for its missile limitations as it was for the opening up of successful negotiations between the two world superpowers. • Nixon goes to the USSR – 1972 • Established an early relationship with Leonid Brezhnev… Brezhnev would visit the White House in 1973.

Nixon’s Foreign Policy • “Nixon and China • Rapprochement - The re-opening of relations

Nixon’s Foreign Policy • “Nixon and China • Rapprochement - The re-opening of relations with People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Massive Trade Market & Cause tension between USSR & PRC • Ping Pong Diplomacy – Na People’s Republic of China (PRC) tional ping pong team went to the PRC • Nixon Goes to China in 1972 – A big step, but formal relations weren’t established until President Carter.

Nixon’s Foreign Policy • Nixon and Vietnam • Bombings in Cambodia – Spurred protests

Nixon’s Foreign Policy • Nixon and Vietnam • Bombings in Cambodia – Spurred protests like Kent State • Vietnamization – Troop removal and the transfer of power to the South Vietnamese. • Paris Peace Accords 1973 • Largely negotiated by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, temporary halted conflict until Saigon is captured by the North in 1975 • Nixon Doctrine • Any nation fearing communism, must take a brunt of the military responsibilities, but will be supported with money and resources.

Nixon and Other Places • Israel/Palestine – Discussed Later • Indo/Pak – Nixon attempted

Nixon and Other Places • Israel/Palestine – Discussed Later • Indo/Pak – Nixon attempted to “Tilt” American support toward Pakistan, a natural enemy of India, after India signed a treaty with the USSR. • Chile – Though Salvador Allende, the democratically elected Marxist, wasn’t a great leader… The American devised coup that overthrew him installed a bad leader as well, Gen. Augusto Pinochet. “I don’t see why we need to stand idly by and watch a country go Communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people. ” -Henry Kissinger

Carter and Foreign Policy • Carter’s foreign policy approach wasn’t a large step away

Carter and Foreign Policy • Carter’s foreign policy approach wasn’t a large step away from detente, as he focused largely on Human Rights. • Diplomacy with China • 1979 - The US and PRC formally establish embassies and a bilateral trade agreement was completed. • SALT II • The first nuclear arms treaty which assumed real reductions in strategic forces. • Controversial at the time • Russians Invade Afghanistan • The Russians invade Afghanistan and prompt the US to support the mujahedeen in Afghanistan with funds and weapons as well as a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow

8. 1 II C- Ideological, military and economic concerns shaped U. S. involvement in

8. 1 II C- Ideological, military and economic concerns shaped U. S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy.

Nixon and the Middle East • The Yom Kippur War – 1973 • Egypt

Nixon and the Middle East • The Yom Kippur War – 1973 • Egypt and Syria, along with combat support from other Arab nations, launched a war on Israel. • American support for Israel, largely financial, led the OPEC nations to embargo the US. • The lack of OPEC oil caused a significant oil crisis in 1973, as prices quadrupled.

Carter and the Middle East • Camp David Peace Accords • President Carter helped

Carter and the Middle East • Camp David Peace Accords • President Carter helped negotiate a groundbreaking treaty between Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following thirteen days of secret negotiations at Camp David • The Framework for Peace in the Middle East • (1) a process for Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and Gaza, (2) a framework for the conclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, (3) a similar framework for peace treaties between Israel and its other neighbors. • Video Clip “The Camp David Accords rank as one of the most important achievements of the Carter administration. First, they opened the way to peace between Egypt and Israel, which transformed the entire political, military, and strategic character of the Middle East dispute. Genuine peace between Egypt and Israel meant there would be no major Arab. Israeli war, whatever the positions of [other Arab groups]. ”Secretary of State Cyrus Vance

Carter and the Middle East • Revolution in Iran • The Shah of Iran,

Carter and the Middle East • Revolution in Iran • The Shah of Iran, who was previously put in power by the US is a modern and western leader is overthrown by a religiously driven, youthful revolution, based in faith and sovereignty. • Ayatollah Khomeni takes charge of the nation as Supreme Leader, religious head, of the Islamic Republic of Iran. • Iran Hostage Crisis • 66 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981, after a group took over the American Embassy in Tehran in support of the Iranian Revolution. • The hostages were "victims of terrorism and anarchy” • President Carter worked tirelessly to have the hostages released and was successful in securing the hostages just before President Regan’s inauguration in 1980.

The Iran Hostage Crisis Wide-spread discrimination spread throughout the US

The Iran Hostage Crisis Wide-spread discrimination spread throughout the US

The Oil Crisis and an Energy Policy • The Iranian Revolution and subsequent hostage

The Oil Crisis and an Energy Policy • The Iranian Revolution and subsequent hostage crisis resulted in the oil crisis of 1979, which would be exacerbated by the Iran -Iraq war of 1980. • Carter address the problem head on… • Called on Americans to cut oil and gas consumption • Turn down their thermostats • Turn right on red • Created the Department of Energy • Taxes on gas guzzlers, removed price controls on domestic oil and gas, extended tax credits to developers of alternative energy. • Solar Panels on the White House as a symbol of innovation and conservation.

8. 3 I C-Conservatives, fearing juvenile delinquency, urban unrest, and challenges to the traditional

8. 3 I C-Conservatives, fearing juvenile delinquency, urban unrest, and challenges to the traditional family, increasingly promoted their own values and ideology.

The New Right • A conservative movement that opposed the liberal political and social

The New Right • A conservative movement that opposed the liberal political and social reforms of the 1960 s. • After Barry Goldwater lost in the 1964 election the New Right began to focus on more than just a smaller government. • Proposition 13, 1978 – A referendum in California that slashed local property taxes and a return to the small government perspective of Goldwater. • Advocated for a Christian America (Religious Right) • Supported “traditional family values” and the status quo • Opposed the women’s movement and the Equal Rights Amendment. • Phyllis Schlafly • Specific organizations include the Heritage Foundation, Moral Majority, Concerned Women for America, and more.

Nixon’s Southern Strategy • Potentially influenced by the Deep South’s support for Barry Goldwater.

Nixon’s Southern Strategy • Potentially influenced by the Deep South’s support for Barry Goldwater. • Goldwater believed in a smaller federal government, which directly related to state’s rights on desegregation. • Nixon utilized his unwillingness to bus students as a means of integration as a link to the Southern White American. • The Republican Party began to promote a return to a traditional America and a maintaining of the strong status quo. • A resistance to black culture, gay culture, hippie culture, free love culture, women’s equality, and more. • These were often seen as “delinquencies” in American society.

Proposition 6 – Briggs Initiative • The initiative would have banned gay men and

Proposition 6 – Briggs Initiative • The initiative would have banned gay men and lesbians, and possibly anyone who supported gay rights, from working in California's public schools. • The Briggs Initiative followed the lead of a law in Miami that repealed gay rights laws. • Led by Anita Bryant (Former Miss Oklahoma) and her organization, Save the Children. • This movement, and similar, were directly working to maintain “traditional family values. ” • Prop 6 failed in California driven by large scale protests including those led by San Francisco politician Harvey Milk. • Both California Governor Ronald Reagan to President Jimmy Carter helped to defeat Proposition 6.

8. 3 II B- Responding to the abuse of natural resources and the alarming

8. 3 II B- Responding to the abuse of natural resources and the alarming environmental problems, activists and legislators began to call for conservation measures and a fight against pollution.

Silent Spring & Rachel Carson • Silent Spring written in 1962 claimed that we

Silent Spring & Rachel Carson • Silent Spring written in 1962 claimed that we were “all toxic from conception until death. ” • Carson turned her attention to conservation, especially environmental problems that she believed were caused by synthetic pesticides. • Met with fierce opposition by chemical companies, but it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT for agricultural uses, and inspired an overall environmental movement

The EPA and More • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970 • Created to

The EPA and More • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970 • Created to control pollution and work toward environmental preservation. • Earth Day 1970 • It "brought 20 million Americans out into the spring sunshine for peaceful demonstrations in favor of environmental reform. " • Clean Air Act 1970 • To control air pollution on a national level. It requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants known to be hazardous to human health. • Clean Water Act 1972 • To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources

Three Mile Island • A Nuclear Power Station in Middletown, Pennsylvania experienced a partial

Three Mile Island • A Nuclear Power Station in Middletown, Pennsylvania experienced a partial meltdown in 1979. • Media attention and public backlash to accident led to Nuclear Protests all over the world. • It was the worst accident in U. S. commercial nuclear power plant history. • The partial meltdown resulted in the release of small amounts of radioactive gases and radioactive iodine into the environment. • Epidemiology studies have not linked a single cancer with the accident as of 2010

8. 3 III C - Conservatives and liberals clashed over many new social issues,

8. 3 III C - Conservatives and liberals clashed over many new social issues, the power of the presidency and the federal government, and movements for greater individual rights.

Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers • Daniel Ellsberg was an employee of the

Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers • Daniel Ellsberg was an employee of the Defense Department who leaked a classified assessment of the Vietnam War in 1971. • The 7, 000 page document came to be known as the Pentagon Papers. • They cast doubt on the justification for entry into the war and revealed that senior government officials had serious misgivings about the war. • When the New York Times and Washington Post began to publish the Pentagon Papers, the Nixon Administration sued them. • The Supreme Court ruled that the papers could continue to publish the documents.

Watergate • The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the

Watergate • The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970 s as a result of the June 17, 1972, breakin at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D. C. , and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. • Exposed by • Though Nixon was impeached by the House of Representatives, he resigned before he could be removed by the Senate. • He was followed by his VP Gerald Ford… • Ford pardoned Nixon COMPLETLEY • Video Clip Check out the Watergate specific ppt online for more.

The Right to Privacy – Of Self • The Right to Life Movement was

The Right to Privacy – Of Self • The Right to Life Movement was spearheaded in the beginning by the National Right to Life Committee, but spun off into a single issue movement based on anti-abortion. • The movement sought to end abortion rights universally • Roe v Wade 1973 • A landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. • The Court ruled that a right to privacy under the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests for regulating abortions: • Protecting prenatal life and protecting the woman's health. • Saying that these state interests become stronger over the course of a pregnancy, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the woman's current trimester of pregnancy. • 1992’s PP v. Casey changed it from the trimester system to viability • The legal ability of a woman to have an abortion is based on the viability of the fetus at its current state.

9. 1 I A –Public Confidence and trust in government declined in the 1970

9. 1 I A –Public Confidence and trust in government declined in the 1970 s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, foreign policy “failures” and a sense of social and moral decay.

Stagflation • Preoccupation with Watergate had prevented Nixon from dealing with the economy. •

Stagflation • Preoccupation with Watergate had prevented Nixon from dealing with the economy. • By 1974, both inflation and unemployment were rising, making the economy stagnant. • Economists named this situation stagflation. • Ford tried to restore public confidence in the economy with the voluntary “Whip Inflation Now, ” or WIN program, he later recognized the need for more direct action.

Carter’s Malaise Speech “The Crisis of Confidence” • Carter’s speech on June 15, 1979

Carter’s Malaise Speech “The Crisis of Confidence” • Carter’s speech on June 15, 1979 detailed a growing sense that American’s were experiencing a ‘crisis of confidence’. • Generally and more popularly known as the “Malaise” speech although the word was not a part of his presentation. • Short Clip

A lot of the items discussed today… • Can fit in a lot of

A lot of the items discussed today… • Can fit in a lot of different boxes on the Concept Guide. • Take some time to discuss with the individuals around you where else some of the items can fit. • If there is anytime remaining… Start in on the next chapter of the AMSCO • BRING THEM BACK!!! Stealing a book from a school is extremely lame. • Check out the Gilder-Lehrman videos, Crash. Course videos, and APUSHReview. com videos • There are extra lectures online if you want more stuff. • • Nixon & Watergate ppt – on the website Nixon & Foreign Policy - Prezi Ford’s Presidency ppt – on the website Carter’s Presidency - Prezi