Nitrate Concentration molkg Antarctic Nitrate concentration in the
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Nitrate Concentration (μmol/kg) Antarctic Nitrate concentration in the surface waters along a North. South transect at ~135°W* 20 Equatorial Pacific 10 0 60°S 40°S 20°S 0° 20°N Latitude North Pacific 40°N 60°N *Source: J. Martin, R. Gordon, S. Fitzwater & W. Broenkow, “VERTEX: Phytoplankton/ Iron Studies in the Gulf of Alaska”, Deep-Sea Research, 36: 649 -680 (1989)
Chlorophyll Concentration (μg/kg) 8 Nitrates (a) with iron (b) without iron 6 4 Chlorophyll (a) with iron (b) without iron 2 0 0 Source: 1 2 3 4 Time (days) J. Martin, R. Gordon, S. Fitzwater & W. Broenkow, “VERTEX: Phytoplankton/ Iron Studies in the Gulf of Alaska”, Deep-Sea Research, 36: 649 -680 (1989)
Pump Turbine generator Liquid ammonia Cold deep water Heat Exchanger (ammonia condenser) Electric power Depth Warm surface Heat Exchanger water (ammonia evaporator) Ocean Energy Resource available (in Source barrels of oil equivalent) Waves Tides Currents Thermocline Oil 1. 5 million/year 1. 6 million/year 15. 0 million/year 900. 0 million/year* 2, 000 billion total reserves *assuming that only 1% can be extracted
The places where OTEC promises the best results Temperature difference between surface and depth of 1, 000 m Less than 18°C 22°C to 24°C 18°C to 20°C More than 24°C 20°C to 22°C
Temperature difference between surface waters and the waters at 1 km depth: 22 -24°C >24°C 40°N 20°N 0° 20°S 30°E 90°E 150°W 90°W 30°W 40°S
Total primary Number Total Average production Annual Fish of Transfer Oceanic Trophic Efficiency per production Area (billion tons 2 region (million km ) carbon/year) levels tropic level (million tons) Open ocean 325 Coastal 36 Upwelling 0. 36 16. 3 3. 6 0. 12 5 3 1. 5 ~15% ~33% ~99% 2 120
Long-run inflation-adjusted world prices of non-ferrous metals (aluminum, copper, tin, zinc) 200 1977 -79 Price Level = 100 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Stenohaline Eurythermal Euryhaline Eurythermal Wide Stenohaline Stenothermal Euryhaline Stenothermal Narrow Annual temperature fluctuation Range of annual salinity fluctuations Narrow Wide
