NG TOKA PARATAIAO Te hanganga me ng huatanga

NGĀ TOKA PARATAIAO Te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga

TE NGAU HUARERE Ko te ngau huarere te tukinga a te wai, a te haupapa hoki i te toka, i te kohuke hoki kia paku ai. Ko te toka i takahuri mai me te awa ki mua i te awakōpaka Pōkiha (te whakaahua i raro iho) ka tukia haeretia a te wā, me te ngau mai a te huakita, hei oneone haumako.

HE AHA TE WAIPARA? n n n n Hua mai ai te toka parataiao i ngā tukinga o ētahi atu toka( he ngiha, he kāhuarau, he toka parataiao rānei), me te whakapiringa, te raungaitinga, te whātioatanga anō hoki o ēnei moka toka. Hua mai ai ngā toka parataiao i ngā moka toka pakaru. Ka kiia ai ēnei moka toka he waipara. I takea mai te kupu parataiao i te kupu matua, waipara. Hua noa mai ngā toka parataiao i roto i te wai. Kawea ai ngā waipara e te ia o ngā awaawa me ngā awa. Mā te autō ka taka ngā waipara ki raro mehemea ka pōturi haere te ia wai i te huringa piko, i te putanga rānei ki te roto, ki te moana rānei, ki tētahi awa anō hoki rānei. Ka taka tuatahi ko ngā waipara nui atu, ko ngā waipara māmā i te mutunga.

Ko te mahuetanga māori nei o te toka hei papa ko te WHAKAPUTUNGA. Ko ngā kaiwhakaputu ko te wai, ko te haupapa, ko te autō, ko te hau. E whakaatu mai ana te mahere o runga ake nei i ngā papa waipara i whakaputuhia i te roto. n I te kōanga, ka rere mai ko te wai i ngā rewanga hukapapa maunga. Otirā e tohu ana tēnei i te nui o te waipara ka heke mai i te rewanga hukapapa maunga, ā, ka noho tārewa i roto i te wai roto. n Ka tau haere te waipara ki raro, i te raumati, otir ā i te hōtoke tonu; ki te kōpaka te roto, ka tau te waipara ki te takere roto. n Ko ngā moka paranui taumaha ka tau tuatahi, ka mutu ko ngā moka paramāmā pērā i ngā parakiwai me ngā uku. n

Ko te mahuetanga māori nei o te toka hei papa ko te WHAKAPUTUNGA. Ko ngā kaiwhakaputu ko te wai, ko te haupapa, ko te autō, ko te hau. Ka mahue whakapaparia te waipara, ka tawhito o raro iho, ā piki hou haere ai. n Ko te 1 e whakaatu ana i te waipara i whakatakotoria ai i te tau 1994, te 2 i te tau 1995, te 3 i te tau 1996. Ko te w āhi kiwi o runga ake i te 3 ko te papa whakamutunga i whakatakotoria ai i te tau 1997. n n Ka wānangahia ēnei papa e ngā kaitātai arowhenua anō nei he rau puka tonu. Mā te kitenga atu i ngā anga pōhatu e tohu i te tawhito o ngā papa. Menā he anga pōhatu e mōhiotia ana ko te 50 miriona tau te tawhito, heoi ko taua papa anō e 50 miriona tau te tawhito, neke atu, ā, ko ngā papa i raro iho he tawhito kē atu i te 50 miriona tau.

Mā te rahi o ngā para i roto i te waipara e tohu i te rahi o te waipara matua. n E toru ngā momo huanga mai o te toka parataiao i ēnei waipara rerekē te rahi. n

He toka whakapapa te toka parataiao i hua mai ai i te whakapiringa, i te raungaitinga, i te whātioatanga anō hoki o te waipara. n E whakaatu mai ana ngā whakaahua i ngā papa toka parataiao i whakaputua ai hei papa. Ka hīkina ake ēnei, ka whakapikohia hoki e ngā nekehanga maunga. n

n Ko te RAUNGAITINGA te pēpēhinga o ngā papa waipara i raro i te taumahatanga nui o ngā papa toka o runga ake. Mā te pēpēhinga ka whāiti haere te papa tuatahi. Ka whāiti ngā papa, ka iti haere hoki ngā rua kōputa para, nā, ka raungaiti rawa ngā papa. n Ko te WHAKAPIRINGA te huringa o te waipara hei toka mā te whakakīkīnga o ngā rua kōputa waipara ki ngā whakauruhitanga matū o ngā kohuke, kia tata, kia piri, kia mārō hei toka. Ko te konupāhiko me te takawai ngā tino kohuke whakapiri i ngā waipara. n Ko te WHĀTIOATANGA te huanga o ngā tōpata kohuke hou, nui ake i ngā tōpata take. Ka tioata haere ngā waipara ka whakararanga haere anō te noho hei takawai tuitui nei e tūhono ana i ngā kano hei toka mārō.

n Takoto haere ai te toka parataiao hei kahu whāiti i te nuinga o te mata-ō-nuku, tōna 75%. Koinei hoki te kāinga o ngā hua nui pērā i te wai ō-papa, te waro, te hinu, te oneone. Ko te tokauku, te hōanga me te pākeho ngā toka parataiao e tino kitea ana. I hua mai ēnei i te kohuke e tino kitea ana i te mata-ō-nuku, ko te wherepāra. n Mā te wairere, pērā i te awa maunga i te whakaahua i runga ake nei, te tino kaitātari, kaikawe hoki o te waipara.

NGĀ PAPANGA ME NGĀ ANGA PŌHATU Ko ngā papa toka ka kiia ai he PAPANGA, he PAPA rānei ka kitea i ngā pari kua ngahorohia, ngā riu, ngā pākohu, ngā wāhi i hīkina ake e te rū whenua. n Kitea nuiatia ana te anga pōhatu ki aua papanga, i hua mai ai i ngā anga māro o ngā kararehe i noho ai ki reira i taua wā. n Mehemea he para otaota te nuinga o ngā waipara, ka hua mai ko te REI, te WARO rānei. n

NGĀ TOKA PARATAIAO E rua ngā whānau matua o ngā toka parataiao: n Ngā toka parataiao papa hei tauira - he tokamāhure, he tokauku, he hōanga, he tokaparahua, he tokaparu, he papa tonu n Ngā toka parataiao kore papa hei tauira - he pākeho, he toka kano takawai, he tokauku

NGĀ TOKA PARATAIAO PAPA Ko ngā mara toka o ngā toka matua, o ngā kohuke rānei e hua tahi mai ai hei toka parataiao, ka kiia ai he PAPA. n Ko ngā toka parataiao i hua mai ai i ēnei papa ka kiia ai he toka parataiao papa. (Ko te tikanga o tēnei momo toka, he mara toka kua pakaru, ā, kua kawea ki wāhi kē). n Nā te raungaitinga me te whakapiringa o ēnei mara para e toka mārō ai. n Ka tohua ko ngā toka parataiao papa i runga i te rahi o ngā papa. n

NGA TOKA KORE PAPA n Hua mai ai ngā toka parataiao kore papa i ngā rerenga kohuke i te waitai, i te pākarutanga rānei o ngā anga me ngā kōiwi kararehe moana. n Ko te rerenga noa nei te wehenga o te totoka i te wai. n Hua mai ai te wai konupūmā pākawa i ngā momo kararehe moana pērā i te wheo, ka mārō ai hei toka. Ka huitahi haere ngā matū, mai i ngā rerenga kohuke, mataora hoki, ki ngā para o te takere moana, o te roto rānei, ka whātioata, ka tipu toro ki roto i ngā whāruarua, ki reira mārō haere ai hei toka.

HE TOKA PARATAIAO ROPI n n Hua mai ai te toka parataiao ropi i ngā putunga para otaota, kararehe hoki. Hua nui mai ai tēnei i roto i ngā repo, kei reira te nui o te otaota e tipu ana me te iti o te hāora. Nā te tere o te tipu o te otaota ka tere tanu anō ko ngā para otaota popo. Ko tā te huakita he kai otaota kia pirau, kia riro, heoi mā te hāora e ora hoki ai te huakita. Nā te tere tanu o ngā papa otaota pirau, ka pau katoa te hāora i te mahi nei, a, kāore e oti i te huakita te para otaota te kai kia popo rawa. Nā te taumaha hoki o ngā papa ka kotēhia te wai me ētahi atu kai āwhina i te whakapoponga.

TE WARO Ka puta te otaota hangaiti nei hei waro. Mā te roa me te hōhonu o te tanu waro e tohu i tōna huarangi anō. n Ko te rei te papa tuatahi o te hanga waro. n Ko te waro parauri i raro iho, whai muri ko te waro korotā, ā, kātahi ka rangatira ko te waro kere. n He toka ngiha tonu te waro kere. Ka hua mai tenei i te wā e hanganeke ana te maunga, ka tino pākahatia e te raungaiti, e te oro. Ka tahuna kia wera rawa te waro nei, ā, tata kore auahi te puta mai. Māna te maitai tino mārō e whakaputa. n n

TE TOKAUKU Ko te tokauku tētahi o ngā toka parataiao e kitea nuitia ana. n Hangaia mai i te parahua, i te uku rānei i raungaitia, i pēpēhia hei toka mārō. n Kitea ai te tokauku i ngā papa rahi nei. n Ko te parahua me te uku he mea hanga i ngā pōhatu moroiti kua ngaua e te huarere. 1/16 ki te 1/256 mirimita te rahi paeporohita. n He rite te tae o te tokauku ki tērā o tōna uku, parahua matua rānei. n

TE HŌANGA ME TE TOKAPARU He toka parataiao papa te hōanga me te tokaparu i hua mai i te whakapiringa patakano kiri ka tahi, parahua hoki ka rua hei toka. n Ko te kiripaka te kohuke nui atu o te hanga hōanga. Kua rau atu te konupūmā pākawa waro, te takawai, te rino rānei ki rōwai kei reira anō te kiri. n Ka tipu te tioata i ēnei kohuke ki roto i ngā rua kōputa e noho nei ngā pata kiri. Ka kī haere ngā rua kōputa i te tioata ka huri ko ia pata kiri hei toka. n Sandstone-mudstone on the Wairarapa coastline

TE PĀKEHO n n Ko te pākeho te toka parataiao kore papa e tino kitea ana. Hua mai ai te pākeho i te konupūmā pākawa waro me te para. Ko te pūtakenga nui o te pākeho ko te waipara i te papa o te moana. Rere noa ai te konupūmā pākawa waro i te waitai, i te waipara rānei o ngā kararehe moana pērā i te pakoke, i te wheo hoki. He momo pākeho hoki te tioka i hangā mai ai i ngā moroiti pūtautahi. He mā, he kiwi te tae. He pākeho i Te Kaukau, Wairarapa

TE ANA PĀKEHO He āhuatanga arowhenua whakamere te ana pākeho. Ka hua mai i ngā putunga pākeho i raro i te papa e memehatia matūtia ana i roto i te wairere o rarowhenua. n Nā ngā kohuke i rōwai nei ka paku huri kawa te wai. Ki te pā mai te waikawa ki te toka hangā nei i te konupūmā pākawa waro ka tohe ngā matū. Ka memeha noa te pākeho i te waikawa. n Ka rere te konupūmā pākawa waro ki roto i te wai o raro ki roto tonu i te ana, ki reira toro haere ai ki roto i ngā piere paku me ngā kapiti. n Ko ngā māturutanga wai ka hua noa hei koeko iri, hei koeko tū. E whakaaturia ana ērā i ngā Waitomo. n

TE TOKAMĀHURE He toka parataiao papa te toka māhure ka hua mai i te whakapiringa o ngā mara tokaiti, pōhatu porowhita. n Mā te rerenga tuki wai awa, waitai hoki e porotiti haere ai ngā toka. n Ko ngā matū whakakīkī i ngā rua kōputa he takawai, he konupāhiko, he rino waikura hoki. n Conglomerate, South Wairarapa

ĒTAHI ATU TOKA PARATAIAO Halite – rock salt Greywacke Chert Breccia