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Observations • • • Earth is 71% under water Mountain ranges are long lines Mid-Ocean ridges are long arcs Trenches Seamounts Flat portions of the earth – Continental shelves – Ocean bottom
Hypsographic Curve 2005 -07 -01 13: 46 Zyzzy 1040× 530× (40680 bytes) Earth's hypsography {{cc-by 2. 0}}
Plate Tectonics • Two types of crust – Oceanic – Continental • Convective Mantle (plates move) – Magnetic Anomalies – Hot Spots • Plate Boundaries – Convergent – Divergent – Transform
Plate Tectonics Is Responsible Image courtesy of United States Geological Survey Drawing modified from Montgomery: Environmental Geology; © 2002, Mc. Graw Hill
Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Image courtesy of Wikipedia under Creative Commons license Fig. 4 -7 p. 60
Plate Tectonics Ø Divergent boundary Ø Convergent boundary Image courtesy of United States Geological Survey Ø Subduction zone Ø Transform fault Fig. 16 -5 p. 336 Refer to Fig. 16 -3 p. 334
Image courtesy of United States Geological Survey
Convergent Plate Boundaries Continent-Ocean Image courtesy of Wikipedia Fig. 16 -2 p. 333
Image courtesy of Wikipedia Convergent: Ocean-Ocean
Convergent: Continent-Continent Image courtesy of Wikipedia
Transform Fault Image courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey
Transform Fault Image courtesy of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Source: USGS Fig. 16 -4, p. 335
Ring of Fire
Hot Spot Volcanoes Image courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey
Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Image courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey Fig. 16 -4, p. 335
Hydrothermal Vents Image courtesy of U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Black smoker White smoker Sulfide deposit Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Magma Tube worms White crab White clam
Hydrothermal Vents Image courtesy of U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
External Earth Processes Ø Erosion Ø Mechanical weathering Ø Frost wedging Ø Chemical weathering Ø Biological weathering
Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions Image courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey Fig. 16 -8 p. 338
Minerals and Rocks Ø Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types Ø Igneous (granite, basalt) Ø Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Ø Metamorphic (marble, slate)
Transport Erosion Deposition Rock Cycle Weathering Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Heat, Pressure Heat, Metamorphic Rock Pressure Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Fig. 16 -9 p. 339
Supplies of Mineral Resources Ø Economic depletion Ø Depletion time Ø Foreign sources Ø Environmental concerns Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Ø Economics Ø New technologies Ø Mining the ocean Ø Finding substitutes Fig. 16 -16 p. 346
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