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News • http: //www. boston. com/news/science/articles/2009/11/24/obama_to _offer_target_for_cutting_greenhouse_gas_emissions/ • http: //news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20091119/ap_on_sc/us_sci_odd_crocs • http: //www. latimes. com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-climatecartagena 22 -2009 nov 22, 0, 7731005. story • http: //www. thebostonchannel. com/investigative/21676663/detail. html • http: //www. boston. com/news/science/articles/2009/11/23/study_find s_thousands_of_deep_sea_species/ • http: //www. boston. com/news/science/articles/2009/11/24/big_bang_ atom_smasher_starts_speeding_proton_beams/ • http: //www. boston. com/news/nation/articles/2009/11/19/us_liable_in _katrina_flood_judge_says/ •

Solid Waste Image courtesy of Marc Morell Fig. 22 -2, p. 520

Image courtesy of georgehotelling, flickr. com Fig. 22 -4, p. 522

Household Waste • Systems • Conservation of Mass • Inputs vs. Outputs

Systems • • • Boston Harbor Bio. Sphere 2 Eco-Sphere Globe Your house Image courtesy of Cindy Funk, flickr. com

Budget • Groceries (food) – Packaging – Beverages • Books, newspapers, magazines • Clothing • Furniture • Yardwaste • Water • Fuel • Garbage disposal, sewage, compost, trash, recycle • Recycle, trash • • • Reuse, trash Compost, degrade, dump Sewage Carbon dioxide

Figure by UMB Open. Course. Ware

Figure by UMB Open. Course. Ware

Where does it go? • A national recycling rate of 30%, up from 28% in 1999, • 57% of yard trimmings were recovered for composting in 2000, nearly a fourfold increase since 1990. • 45% of paper and paperboard were recovered for recycling in 2000. • Americans generated nearly 232 million tons of MSW, a slight. 3% increase from a 1999. • 14. 5 % of MSW was combusted • 55. 3% of MSW was land filled, down somewhat from 57. 2% in 1999.

Where does it go? Image courtesy of EPA

US Disposal Figure by UMB Open. Course. Ware

Cost of trash • New York (2002)--$132 per ton processed, $239/ton recycled • Costs range from $45 to $71 per ton to dispose • $70 per ton in Massachusetts (2001) for incinerator, landfill or processing facility

Landfills • 16 total in Massachusetts • Nantucket, Westborough, Bourne, Chicopee, Dartmouth, Fall River, Hadley, Hull, Northampton, Sturbridge, Southbridge, Taunton, Warren, Wayland, Westminster Image courtesy of Marc Morell

Topsoil Sand Clay Garbage Probes to detect methane leaks When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Electricity Methane storage and compressor building Methane gas recovery well generator building Leachate treatment system Pipes collect explosive methane as used as fuel to generate electricity Leachate storage tank Compacted solid waste Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Garbage Sand Synthetic liner Sand Clay Subsoil Leachate pipes Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Groundwater monitoring well Leachate monitoring well Fig. 22 -12, p. 532

Incinerators • • • Agawam Haverhill Millbury North Andover Rochester Image courtesy of USEPA

Electricity Steam Crane Smokestack Turbine Generator Furnace Boiler Wet scrubber Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Waste pit Water added Bottom. Dirty Conveyor ash water Conventional landfill Waste treatment Electrostatic precipitator Fly ash Hazardous waste landfill Fig. 22 -10, p. 530

Conservation • Reduce – Fewer inputs • Reuse – Fewer inputs, fewer outputs • Recycle – Have others use – Reduce production wastes

Recycling Rates Figure by UMB Open. Course. Ware

Compost • Backyard Compost Bin Image courtesy of mjmonty

Waste Generated from Products you Purchase Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Hazardous Waste • • • Batteries Paint Cleaners Pharmaceuticals Pesticides • Americans generate 1. 6 million tons of HHW per year. • The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds of HHW in the basement and garage and in storage closets. • During the 1980 s, many communities started special collection days or permanent collection sites for handling HHW. In 1997, there were more than 3, 000 HHW permanent programs and collection events throughout the United States.

Bulk Gas Topsoil waste vent Earth Plastic cover Sand Impervious clay Impervious Clay cap cap Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Water table Earth Groundwater Leak detection system Double leachate Plastic Reactive collection system double wastes liner in drums Groundwater monitoring well Fig. 22 -22, p. 540

Problems and Solutions • Conservation of Mass – There is no “away” – Not in my backyard • Pollution – Water pollution (leaching landfills) – Air pollution (incinerators) – Hazardous wastes • Costs – Full cost accounting • Reduce, reuse, recycle

Hazardous Toxic Household Materials Cleaning Products • • • Disinfectants, bleach and ammonia Drain, toilet and window cleaners Oven cleaners Cleaning solvents and spot remover Septic tank cleaners Paint and Building Products • • • Latex and oil-based paints Paint thinner, solvents, and strippers Stains, varnishes, and lacquers Wood preservatives Acids for etching and rust removal Automotive Products • Gasoline and used motor oils • Antifreeze; solvents; battery acid • Brake and transmission fluid; rust inhibitors Gardening and Pest Control Products • Pesticide sprays and dusts; flea killers • Weed killers • Ant and rodent killers General Products • Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) • Artist’s paints and inks; glues and cements