New World Encounters Native American Histories Before Conquest

New World Encounters

Native American Histories Before Conquest n n n 20, 000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14, 000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Routes of the First Americans Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant n supply of meat u Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species u Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role n 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution u Crops included maize, squash, and beans u Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Mysterious Disappearances n Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon u Sophisticated irrigation u Well-built roads for transportation n Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley u Large ceremonial mounds u Extensive trade network n Cahokia—Mississippi Valley u Large ceremonial mounds u Far-flung trade network Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Aztec Dominance n n Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Eastern Woodland Cultures n n Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600 s Copyright 2007,

Cultural Negotiations n n Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

A World Transformed n n n Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Confederacies of Eastern North America n n n Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Threats to Survival: Trade n n n Native Americans were eager for European trade They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Threats to Survival: Disease n n Contact brought population decline among American Indians Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease u Smallpox u Measles u Influenza n Rate as high as 95% Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Beginnings of the Slave Trade n n Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies n Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures u Islam u Strong n traditional beliefs A history of empires u Mali u Ghana n Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Trade Routes in Africa Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year n. Eighteenth century— 5. 5 million transported to the Americas n. By 1860—ca. 11 million n. Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas n Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Europe on the Eve of Conquest n n n Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement attained u Rise of nation-states u Spread of new technologies u Spread of old knowledge 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Building New Nation. States n n Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces u Spain u France u England n n “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Imagining a New World n n n Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand Isabella Spanish Inquisition! 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Myths and Reality n n n Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492—initial voyage (WHY? ) Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

The Conquistadores n n n Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Hernan Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539 -1542—Hernando de Soto explored Southeast 1540 -1542—Francisco Vasquez Coronado explored Southwest Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Voyages of European Exploration Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

n From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors u Large land grants u Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute u Resembles slavery, but a little different n n Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church u Protected Indian rights and land u Performed mass conversions n By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World u Unmarried males intermarried u Mixed-blood population emerged Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

The French Claim Canada n n n 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown makes little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

The English Enter the Competition n n Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509 -1547) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Birth of English Protestantism n Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance u 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany u 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva n Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

The English Reformation n n Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (1509 -1547) strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (1547 -1553) Death of Mary I (1553 -1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation Elizabeth I (1558 -1603) consolidated English Reformation Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Militant Protestantism n Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests u Justification by faith alone for salvation u n Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence u Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation u n Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France—Huguenots u Scotland—Presbyterians u England—Puritans u Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Woman in Power n n Elizabeth I (r. 1558 -1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media Protestant Doctrine u “Catholic” Ritual u Ended religious turmoil in England u n n Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Religion, War, and Nationalism n n Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement n n English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric u They would view Native Americans the same way Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

English Conquest of Ireland n Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization u Irish viewed as backward u English under Elizabeth seized Irish land Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

English Brutality n n n English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English employed brutal methods, such as massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke n Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 u He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen n n The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman

Campaign to Sell America n n By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization u Claimed that England needs American colonies Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Longman