New Ways of Thinking Life in the Cities

New Ways of Thinking & Life in the Cities

These new thinkers tried to understand the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the populations that lived during the time period. They were the new generation of Enlightened Thinkers; looking for the natural laws that governed the human condition.

Putting Out System vs. Industrial Model

Adam Smith l l l Wealth of Nations Free Market –left unregulated the economy would produce more goods at a fair price. The more money leads to increased investment Economy= Laissez Faire Economics

Thomas Malthus l l l Poverty will always exist because… Food arithmetically increases 2+2+2=6 People increase exponentially 2 x 2 x 2=8 The only check on this would be war and famine Known as Malthusian Theory= Depressing!

David Ricardo l Increase Wages Increase in births who grow up to be workers Decrease in births & Amount of Workers Decreases Wages Decrease & Increased Unemployment l Iron Law of Wages Poverty is unavoidable because of this law

A Utilitarian- The word utility means useful. When laws are developed they should be based on the idea that they insure the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers of people. The Utilitarians believed that laws should be useful to the people they protect. Can you think of a modern day example?

Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill l l Individual freedoms insure happiness Laws must protect our happiness Government must intervene under certain circumstances Example: Modern day Hate Mail Laws l l Respected idea of a free market economy but gov’t must step in on occasion to help weak/poor classes. Child Labor Laws Give workers right to vote to protect their rights

Socialism- All people would own means of production and share equally in wealth l l Robert Owen- Utopian Socialist Built model villages for people to live and work in. Believed that living conditions shape our character Happy workers were good workers l l l Karl Marx- Father of Scientific Socialism Communist Manifesto Class struggle is inevitable. History is a story of struggle. Have vs. Have-nots Communism= Classless Society Predicted world revolution

Charles Darwin- Let’s not start an argument! l l Origin of the Species Evolution occurs through natural selection/ survival of the fittest l l l Social Darwinismwas later used by imperialists to defend rich and powerful Racist ideology that says that rich are more successful because they are more fit War & Famine weeds out weak nations/ people

Medicine and Population l Population boomed during the Industrial revolution l Not because families were having more kids but because people were living longer l Everything in medicine changes in 1870 with Louis Pasteur l Found a link between microbes and disease l Developed the vaccine for rabies, anthrax and the development of pasteurization

Medicine and Population l 1880 s Robert Koch identified the bacteria that causes TB and started a search for a cure (took half a century) l By 1914 they understood that yellow fever and malaria was caused by mosquitoes l Understanding hygiene germs lead to an increase in

In The Hospitals l British nurse revolutionized the hospitals across Europe l Florence Nightingale improved army field hospitals during the Crimean War. l When she returned to England she lead a revolution against hospitals at home l In many cases before Nightingale a hospital was a death sentence

Life in the Cities l Changing City Landscape l Urban renewal – rebuilding the poor areas of town l First took place in Paris and London l Roads were widened, sewer systems put in, Skyscrapers' first pop up in Chicago l However there still were the slums

First Skyscrapers

Working-Class Struggles Protested low wages, long hours and unsafe working conditions. 1 l Unions were illegal but we started to see the creation of mutual-aid societies l l Self-help groups to aid sick, poor or injured workers l During the 1830 s through 1848 Revolutions spread across the Globe and a new idea starts to Spread l Socialism – “The Communist Manifesto” written by Karl Marx and Fredric Engels

Working-Class Struggles l Unions started to become legalized in Germany in 1869 l France saw union membership grow from 140, 000 in 1890 to over 1 million by 1912 l 1909 British Coal miners earn the 8 hour work day

Rising Standards of living and the New Middle Class l Men went to work at office for first time. l Women stayed at home with children. l As soon as financially possible, they hired a servant. (Cook, maid, nanny, etc. )