NEW TESTAMENT USE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT We

  • Slides: 32
Download presentation
NEW TESTAMENT USE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

NEW TESTAMENT USE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

■ We have looked at how the writers of the Bible, inspired by God,

■ We have looked at how the writers of the Bible, inspired by God, have used a variety of methods and genres to create narratives that demonstrate several, varied, some times contradictory concepts ■ The Bible is, in actuality, one complete narrative written by God, using historical events and individuals to tell a story of redemption.

■ Though the Old Testament must be read in the context of when, where,

■ Though the Old Testament must be read in the context of when, where, how, and by whom it was written, that does not remain our only option as to how it must be read or how it was read during the First Century. ■ New Testament writers relied heavily on Old Testament texts. ■ United Bible Societies’ Greek Testament (1993) – 343 Old Testament Quotations – At least 2309 allusions and verbal parallels

Old Testament Methods ■ Midrash: a style of expanded narrative with interpretive comments inserted

Old Testament Methods ■ Midrash: a style of expanded narrative with interpretive comments inserted ■ Stephen’s ‘sermon’ in Acts 7: 2 -53

■ Pesher: a style in which Old Testament texts are connected with specific contemporary

■ Pesher: a style in which Old Testament texts are connected with specific contemporary events. ■ These people are not drunk, as you suppose. It’s only nine in the morning! No, this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel: “ ‘In the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dreams. Acts 2: 15 -17

■ Gezerah Shawa: Two or more verses that use the same word in different

■ Gezerah Shawa: Two or more verses that use the same word in different parts of the Bible are interpreted in the light of each other. ■ Now we who have believed enter that rest, just as God has said, “So I declared on oath in my anger, ‘They shall never enter my rest. ’ And yet his works have been finished since the creation of the world. For somewhere he has spoken about the seventh day in these words: “On the seventh day God rested from all his works. ” Heb: 4: 3 -7 Using Psalm 95: 11 and Gen. 2: 2

New Testament Methods ■ New Testament authors assumed knowledge of the Old Testament. They

New Testament Methods ■ New Testament authors assumed knowledge of the Old Testament. They did not wish to jettison Jewish heritage, but to understand how the words of the prophets related to the new word revealed in Christ.

Matthew ■ Finds prophecy fulfilled in several individual features of Jesus’ ministry. ■ For

Matthew ■ Finds prophecy fulfilled in several individual features of Jesus’ ministry. ■ For I have come to turn“ ‘a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law—a man’s enemies will be the members of his own household. ’ Matt. 10: 35 -36 using Micah 7: 6

Mark ■ Focuses particularly on the prophecy of the suffering ‘servant’ in Isaiah 53

Mark ■ Focuses particularly on the prophecy of the suffering ‘servant’ in Isaiah 53 ■ For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. 10: 45

Luke ■ Highlights an interest in the prophecies concerning Israel. ■ The words of

Luke ■ Highlights an interest in the prophecies concerning Israel. ■ The words of the prophets are in agreement with this, as it is written: “ ‘After this I will return and rebuild David’s fallen tent. Its ruins I will rebuild, and I will restore it, that the rest of mankind may seek the Lord, even all the Gentiles who bear my name, says the Lord, who does these things known from long ago. Acts 15: 16 -18 using Amos 9: 11 -12.

John ■ Finds special importance in the prophecy of Deuteronomy. ■ Philip found Nathanael

John ■ Finds special importance in the prophecy of Deuteronomy. ■ Philip found Nathanael and told him, “We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law, and about whom the prophets also wrote—Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. 1: 45 ■ If you believed Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote about me. But since you do not believe what he wrote, how are you going to believe what I say? 5: 45 -46

Paul ■ Draws especially on the prophecies of the blessings of the Gentiles. ■

Paul ■ Draws especially on the prophecies of the blessings of the Gentiles. ■ and, moreover, that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy. As it is written: ■ “Therefore I will praise you among the Gentiles; I will sing the praises of your name. ” Again, it says, “Rejoice, you Gentiles, with his people. ” Rom: 15: 9 -12 Using Sam 22: 50 and Deut. 32: 43

Very Specific Uses of Language and Grammar ■ While Jesus was teaching in the

Very Specific Uses of Language and Grammar ■ While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts, he asked, “Why do the teachers of the law say that the Messiah is the son of David? David himself, speaking by the Holy Spirit, declared: “ ‘The Lord said to my Lord: “Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet. ” ’ David himself calls him ‘Lord. ’ How then can he be his son? ” Mark 12: 36 using Psalm 110: 1

■ The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. Scripture does not

■ The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. Scripture does not say “and to seeds, ” meaning many people, but “and to your seed, ” meaning one person, who is Christ. Gal. 3: 16 using Gen. 12: 7; 13: 15; 24: 7

Guidelines for Reading the OT in the NT

Guidelines for Reading the OT in the NT

Keep in Mind the NT’s Purpose in referenceing the OT ■ There is no

Keep in Mind the NT’s Purpose in referenceing the OT ■ There is no rule of inerrancy which claims the NT author must always be attempting to give the correct interpretation of a given passage ■ The NT author may not be attempting interpretation at all, but merely using the familiar language of a familiar passage

Remember the NT often uses the OT simply as a vehicle of expression

Remember the NT often uses the OT simply as a vehicle of expression

The NT may press home the significance of a passage without trying to explain

The NT may press home the significance of a passage without trying to explain its original meaning ■ Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain. Deut. 25: 4 ■ Who serves as a soldier at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its grapes? Who tends a flock and does not drink the milk? Do I say this merely on human authority? Doesn’t the Law say the same thing? For it is written in the Law of Moses: “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain. ” 1 Cor. 9: 9

We must allow for a broader view of ‘fulfillment’ language ■ Fulfillment (pleroo) does

We must allow for a broader view of ‘fulfillment’ language ■ Fulfillment (pleroo) does not mean “and so this verse predicted that Jesus would do or say this thing that just happened. ” The word is used in the NT to indicate broad redemptive-historical relationships ■ When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called my son. Hosea 1: 11 ■ So he got up, took the child and his mother during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the prophet: “Out of Egypt I called my son. ” Matt 2: 15

OT prophecy is full of examples where there is near and far fulfillment

OT prophecy is full of examples where there is near and far fulfillment

Typology

Typology

Definition ■ A type is a real, exalted happening in history which was divinely

Definition ■ A type is a real, exalted happening in history which was divinely ordained by the omniscient God to be a prophetic picture of the good things which he purposed to bring to fruition in Christ Jesus. Terry 1890 ■ A type is a shadow cast on the pages of Old Testament history by a truth whose full embodiment or antitype is found in the New Testament revelation. Broomall 1960

Types of ‘types’ ■ Tupos (type): Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam

Types of ‘types’ ■ Tupos (type): Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who is a pattern of the one to come. Rom. 5: 14 ■ Skia (shadow): Every high priest is appointed to offer both gifts and sacrifices, and so it was necessary for this one also to have something to offer. If he were on earth, he would not be a priest, for there already priests who offer the gifts prescribed by the law. They serve at a sanctuary that is a copy and shadow of what is in heaven. Heb 8: 3 -5

■ Parabole(parable) The Holy Spirit was showing by this that the way into the

■ Parabole(parable) The Holy Spirit was showing by this that the way into the Most Holy Place had not yet been disclosed as long as the first tabernacle was still functioning. This is an illustration for the present time, indicating that the gifts and sacrifices being offered were not able to clear the conscience of the worshiper. Heb. 9: 8 -9 ■ Antitupon (figures/pattern) to those who were disobedient long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built. In it only a few people, eight in all, were saved through water, and this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also—not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of a clear conscience toward God. 1 Peter 3: 20 -21

Typology is ■ Designed by God not by man ■ Elements point toward essential

Typology is ■ Designed by God not by man ■ Elements point toward essential truths not incidents ■ Pointing to a greater truth – There is a graduation from type to antitype of the lesser to the greater, from the material to the spiritual, from the earthly to the heavenly.

Types can be Persons – Adam: Romans 5: 19 – Melchizedek: Then Melchizedek king

Types can be Persons – Adam: Romans 5: 19 – Melchizedek: Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was priest of God Most High Gen. 14: 18 – In the same way, Christ did not take on himself the glory of becoming a high priest. But God said to him, “You are my Son; today I have become your Father. ”And he says in another place, “You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek. ” Heb. 5: 5 -7 – Moses: For Moses said, ‘The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your own people; you must listen to everything he tells you. Acts 3: 22

Places ■ Egypt represents a state of bondage ■ Jerusalem/Zion represents the church and

Places ■ Egypt represents a state of bondage ■ Jerusalem/Zion represents the church and heaven ■ Babylon represents the church that has departed from God

Things ■ Jacob’s Ladder: ■ He had a dream in which he saw a

Things ■ Jacob’s Ladder: ■ He had a dream in which he saw a stairway resting on the earth, with its top reaching to heaven, and the angels of God were ascending and descending on it. Gen: 28: 12 ■ He then added, “Very truly I tell you will see ‘heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending on’ John 1: 51 ■ The Snake in the Wilderness- the lifted up Christ ■ The Tabernacle- relationship between God in heaven and on earth

Events ■ The Creation of Light: For God, who said, “Let light shine out

Events ■ The Creation of Light: For God, who said, “Let light shine out of darkness, ” made his light shine in our hearts to give us the light of the knowledge of God’s glory displayed in the face of Christ. 2 Cor. 4: 6 ■ Noah’s Flood: As it was in the days of Noah, so it will be at the coming of the Son of Man. For in the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, up to the day Noah entered the ark. Matt. 24: 37 -38

Actions ■ Then he is to take the two goats and present them before

Actions ■ Then he is to take the two goats and present them before the Lord at the entrance to the tent of meeting. He is to cast lots for the two goats—one lot for the Lord and the other for the scapegoat. Aaron shall bring the goat whose lot falls to the Lord and sacrifice it for a sin offering. But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the Lord to be used for making atonement by sending it into the wilderness as a scapegoat. Lev. 16: 9 -10 ■ He is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and rebellion of the Israelites—all their sins—and put them on the goat’s head. He shall send the goat away into the wilderness in the care of someone appointed for the task. The goat will carry on itself all their sins to a remote place; and the man shall release it in the wilderness. Lev. 21 -22

■ Surely he took up our pain and bore our suffering, yet we considered

■ Surely he took up our pain and bore our suffering, yet we considered him punished by God, stricken by him, and afflicted… We all, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to our own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all. Isaiah 53: 4, 6 ■ He did not enter by means of the blood of goats and calves; but he entered the Most Holy Place once for all by his own blood, thus obtaining eternal redemption. The blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a heifer sprinkled on those who are ceremonially unclean sanctify them so that they are outwardly clean. How much more, then, will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death, Or from useless rituals so that we may serve the living God! Heb. 9: 11 -12 ■ The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Look, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world! John 1: 29

Avoiding Extremism ■ Not every little detail of the Old Testament system was typical

Avoiding Extremism ■ Not every little detail of the Old Testament system was typical of some New Testament circumstance. ■ There are some who see typology as quite limited (I am such a person). There may be more types present in the Old Testament than are specifically mentioned in the New Testament. ■ But please, for all that is holy and good, do not use the internet to lead you to types and antitypes.