NEW MEXICOS MONEY FROM CONQUISTADORES TO U S

NEW MEXICO’S MONEY FROM CONQUISTADORES TO U. S. LEGAL TENDER PART 1 1492 -1812

FERDINAND V & ISABEL 1497 -1516 1497 MEDINA DEL CAMPO MADE REAL = 34 MARAVEDI. (1/2, 3 & 6) ARAGON BOUND WHEAT /CASTILE BOUND ARROWS

COLUMBUS’ RETURN

1892 USED 1497 FOR COLUMBUS EXCELENTE=375 MARAVEDI. (1&2) 1504 CALLED DUCADO. PAID COLUMBUS.

SPAIN’S RULERS AND EXPLORERS FERDINAND & ISABELLA 1474 -1504 JOHANNA & PHILIP I 1504 -1516 CARLOS I aka: Karl V, Holy Roman Emperor 1516 -1536 PHILIP II Portugal, Sicily & Naples, Netherlands, England 1536 -1598 PHILIP III 1598 -1621 PHILIP IV 1621 -1625 CARLOS II 1665 -1700 PHILIP V 1700 -1746 *LUIS I* *1723 -1726* FERDINAND VII 1746 -1759 CARLOS III 1760 -1788 CARLOS IV 1788 -1808 1526 -1529 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca 1539 Fray Marcos de Niza & Estavanico 1540 -1541 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1581 Fray Agustin Rodriguez 1582 Antonio de Espejo 1589 Castano de Sosa 1598 Juan de Onate *AUGUST 10, 1680* *REVOLT* 1692 Don Diego de Vargas

FOUR MARAVEDI 1502 -1504 2 & 4 MADE SEVILLE FOR SANTA DOMINGO. 1542 -56 MADE MEXICO & S. D. INDIANS REFUSED. OUTLAWED 1565. NO AMERICAN COPPER UNTILL 1814.

FIRST COIN MADE IN AMERICA CROWNED PILLARS OF HERCULES (STRAITS OF GIBRALTER) 2 DOTS. PLUS ULTRA= MORE BEYOND. M IS MINT. LEON & CASTILE W/ GRENADA POMEGRANITE. 1536 -1542 ( ¼, ½, 1, 2, 3) 1542 -1572 M. SD. & Lima (1, 2, 4)

GOLD DOUBLOON 1566 -1808 1566 escudo =400 maravedi. Two=Doblon aka: pistole. 8 escudo, onza de ora, double doubloon or quadruple pistole.

PHILIP II PIECE OF EIGHT 1566 -1598 1565 - 1821 annual galleon convoy Acapulco to Manila. 1572 new design in America, maquina de papalote y cruz, windmill and cross money. Hapsburg arms on front. mm & ass. on left, value on right.

DEATH MINTS COB ‘o’ de barra = end of the bar. Uneven ribbons and thickness, but clipped to good weight and purity. ( ½, 1, 2, 4, 8) Debased illegally in 1617 Lima inquiry. Peru 16311648 resulted in executions.

PHILIP III 1578 -1621 8 REALES ‘Pillar & Waves’. Silver flow peaked. Massive issues of Vellon in Spain to keep solvent. Silver to pay bankers. Silver hoarded resulting in 1620 accounts in Vellon.

AMERICAE DESCRIP 1621 New Mexico is Nova Granada. 1598 Juan de Onate (1 st Governor)founded San Gabriel (near Espanola) ‘Kingdom of N. M. ’ Acoma battle. 1609 Don Pedro de Peralta 1610 founds La Villa Real de Santa Fe. Pueblo missions. <250 spanish in S. F.

PHILIP IIII 1621 -1665 8 REALES Silver flow declines in 1630 s. 1599 -1626 , 15+ billion maravedi minted! Made to improve confidence after scandals. Perulera minted 1651 -1773. Top: MM/Value/assayer; middle: plus ultra; bottom: assayer/year/ mm.

1 ST MAP WITH ‘NEW MEXICO’ 1685

PHILIP V 1700 -1746 Cheap Spanish silver: Peso=8 Reales; 16 Pesos= onza de oro. European Thalers called Dollars by English results in piece of 8 being called Spanish Dollar. British China trade uses Spanish silver. 1728 & 1730 new laws for modern minting. (round & milled edges) 1732 1 st screw press in Mexico. ( ½, 1, 2, 4, 8) Note: Bourbon Coat of Arms.

CHARLES III 1759 -1788 1732 -1772 ‘Pillar / Two Worlds Dollar’. British American: ‘Spanish Milled Dollars’. Grandfather U. S. coinage & LEGAL TENDER to 1857 aka: ‘Adobe Dollar’ or ‘Dobys’. Cut into ½ dollar, 4 quarters or 8 bits. 2 bits = quarter. 1/8 in stock market.

CHARLES III 1759 -1788 1772 ‘Portrait or Modified Pillar Dollar’ makes counterfeiting difficult. Portrait coins were minted through 1821 and up to 1824 with a counter stamp. Spain shipped Die tools (Irons) with each number, letter, device and portrait for all American mints to be identical except mint marks.

CHARLES IIII & GEORGE III 1791 -1804 No English crowns struck from George II 1751 -1804. Therefore, use Charles IV, with George counter stamp. Both rulers unpopular. English Crown= 5 shillings. This, only 4 shillings 9 pence. Therefore, “two kings not worth a crown!” & “the wise men of London, to make their coin pass, put the head of a fool on the neck of an ass!”

CHINESE CHOP MARKS Chinese restrict European trade in 1857. Spanish dollars worth 4 shillings 2 pence (not 5 shillings) Chop marks guarantee acceptability.

CHARLES IV 1788 -1808 1788 -1791 Charles III face with extra I! 1791 - 1808 the real portrait.

CARTE D’AMERIQUE 1800 Before The 1810 Revolution begins. Santa Fe, Acoma, Santa Clara, Chimayo, Taos and El Paso are on the map!