New Mexico Forests VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO

New Mexico Forests

VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO (1880) Fig. 2. 1 in Dick-Peddie, W. A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation.

VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO (18, 000 Years Ago) Fig. 2. 4 in Dick-Peddie, W. A. 1993. New Mexico Vegetation.

VEGETATION TYPES OF NEW MEXICO (100 Million. Years Ago)

BROAD GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES

PALEOZOIC ERA (550 – 250 MYA)

MESOZOIC ERA (250 – 50 MYA)

EARLY CRETACEOUS

LATE CRETACEOUS

LATE CRETACEOUS

CENOZOIC ERA (50 MYA - Present) Quaternary Period: Tertiary Period:

EARLY TERTIARY (Continent Wide Moderate-Warm Climates)

EARLY TERTIARY GEOFLORAS

EARLY TERTIARY: Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora Northern Western Eastern

EARLY TERTIARY: Neotropical -Tertiary Geoflora

EARLY TERTIARY: Madrean -Tertiary Geoflora

EARLY TERTIARY GEOFLORAS In NEW MEXICO

LATE TERTIARY (Continent-Wide Cooling)

LATE TERTIARY (Continued Orogeny of the Rocky Mountains)

LATE TERTIARY (Grassland Development in Rain Shadow and Eastward)

LATE TERTIARY Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora: Neotropical-Tertiary Geoflora: Madro-Tertiary Geoflora:

QUATERNARY (Pleistocene)

QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) Pluvial Lakes: A large lake associated with excessive rain and little evapotranspiration. Poorly drained.

QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) Height of the Wisconsin Glaciation (18, 000 ybp)

QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) Alpine Tundra *Spruce-Fir Forests

Palynology: Analysis of Pollen Cores 15 Pinus Juniperus Poaceae Salix

QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) (Wilcox Playa) 20, 000 ybp Current

QUATERNARY (Pleistocene) (Plains of San Agustin) 10, 000 ybp Current

RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene)

RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene) 3 8 7 Biogenic Deposits (Packrat Middens) 4

RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene) Midden: Organic Deposits of Plant Debris and Feces Cemented by “Amberat” (dried urine)

RECENT QUATERNARY (Holocene) 12 Saguaro Cactus Seeds 11 13 Pinon Seeds Mesquite Seeds Packrat Midden Macrofossil Analysis

RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene) (18, 000 – 3, 300 ybp) Sacramento Mountains, NM Packrat Middens

RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene) 18, 000 ybp 10, 000 ybp 8, 000 ybp Packrat Midden Analysis: Sacramento Mountains, NM (5, 300 ft)

RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene) 7, 300 ybp 5, 500 ybp Packrat Midden Analysis: Sacramento Mountains, NM (5, 300 ft)

RECENT QUATERNARY (late Pleistocene - Holocene) 3, 300 ybp Packrat Midden Analysis: Sacramento Mountains, NM (5, 300 ft)

NATURE OF PLANT SUCCESSION Frederic Clements: Communities of Plants shift their Distribution at the same Rate and Time (“Clementisian” View) Henry Gleason: Individual Plants Shift their Distribution at their OWN Rate and Time (“Gleasonian” View) 18, 000 ybp 10, 000 ybp

Modern and Recent Extent of NM Forests Figs. 2. 1, 2. 4 in W. A. Dick-Peddie 1993. New Mexico Vegetation.

Primary Literature Sources Dick-Peddie, W. A. 1993. New Mexico Mc. Claren, M. P. and T. R. Van Devender. Vegetation. University of New Mexico 1997. The Desert Grassland. University of Arizona Press

Allred, K. W. 1996. Vegetative changes in New Mexico Rangelands. New Mexico Journal of Science 36: 168 -229

1 http: //earthintime. com/holocene. jpg 2 http: //hoopermuseum. earthsci. carleton. ca/evolution/equidae/ cenozoic. jpg 3 http: //www. texasbeyondhistory. net/hueco/images/packrat-midden. html 4 http: //www. texasbeyondhistory. net/hueco/images/figure 3. html 5 http: //www. bridgerlandaudubon. org/wildaboututah/images/Pack. Rat. Midden Ken. Cole. Pic 2. jpg 6 http: //www. bridgerlandaudubon. org/wildaboututah/090924 packratgrazing. htm 7 http: //www. geo. arizona. edu/palynology/geos 462/packratpsm. gif 8 http: //www. geo. arizona. edu/palynology/geos 462/28 packrats. html 10 http: //www. geo. arizona. edu/palynology/geos 462/28 packrats. html 11 http: //www. forestryimages. org/images/192 x 128/5376716. jpg 12 http: //farm 1. static. flickr. com/137/350242627_3 c 926995 a 8. jpg

13 http: //www. treenm. com/images/trees/pinon_seeds. jpg 14 http: //www. geo. arizona. edu/palynology/geos 462/28 packrats. html 15 http: //www. cabq. gov/airquality/images/Juniper_001. jpg 16 http: //img 1. photographersdirect. com/img/11769/wm/pd 802593. jpg 17 http: //www. texasbeyondhistory. net/hueco/images/visitor-swd-sm. jpg 18 http: //flora. nhm-wien. ac. at/Bilder-G-O/Koeleria-macrantha. jpg 19 http: //www. wnmu. edu/academic/nspages 2/gilaflora/bouteloua_ curtipendula. jpg 20 Mc. Claran, M. P. and T. R. Van Devender. 1995. The desert grassland. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 21 http: //www. msnucleus. org/membership/html/k-6/lc/ntenvn/2/images/owl%20 pellet. jpg