New Imperialism Unit IV Enduring Understandings 1 The

New Imperialism Unit IV

Enduring Understandings: • 1. The motives of competition and profit often prompt people and groups to expand into new areas of opportunity. • 2. Changes in technology and exchange during the 18 th and 19 th centuries led to the social and economic changes around the world that are still relevant today. • 3. Technology, transportation and communication enabled European nations to become the dominant world powers in the 19 th century. • 4. Centers of global economic and political power shift over time. • 5. Technology and industrial advancement can alter existing social and economic systems.

Essential Questions: • 1. How can nationalism be a unifying and a divisive force? • 2. How does a state gain or lose power over others? • 3. How should resources and wealth be distributed? • 4. Why do political revolutions occur?

Imagine for a moment… That you are at home engaged in one of your favorite activities; playing a game, listening to music, or reading. So far the day is as any other. Then all of the sudden a group of individuals arrive at your front door demanding that you stop what ever you are doing. These individuals tell you that your way of life is wrong. They inform you however that they have come to your house to correct your way of life. They say it is their responsibility to change your way of living for the better. You find out that this happened not only to you but your neighbors as well. Over time your way of life does change. These individuals, who you do not even know, have changed your government, religion, and other cultural practices, and remember these individuals told you this was for your own good. What is your reaction?

Motives for Imperialism

Motives of Imperialism • Motives Driving Imperialism 1. Nationalism • Countries viewed expanding their empire as a measure of national greatness • “All great nations in their fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands” 2. Economic Competition • Need natural resources to fuel industrialized economies 3. Exploration 4. Ideology • European Racism • Idea that the white race was superior to others • Social Darwinism those that were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and successes and were considered superior to others

Motives of Imperialism • Motives Driving Imperialism • Missionary Impulse • Desire to Christianize people • Believed European rule was the best way to end evil practices (i. e. slave trade)

Motives of Imperialism 5. Geopolitics • An interest in land for strategic location or product • Often leads to conflict • European nations interested in specific resources in specific places but not always interested in taking over entire country • Examples: canals, oil, water access

Motives In General • The desire for national prestige • The desire for markets for industrial goods • The need for raw materials

Why was it Successful? External Factors - Maxim gun - Railroads/Steamships - Cure for malaria Internal Factors - Variety of cultures and languages - Low level of technology - Ethnic strife

Forms of Imperialism

Forms of Imperialism Characteristics Example Colony A country of region governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony Protectorate A country or territory with Britain established a its own internal protectorate over the Niger government but under the River delta control of an outside power Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment of trading privileges Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States Economic Imperialism Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

Forms of Imperialism Indirect Control Direct Control Local government officials were Foreign officials brought in to rule used No self-rule Limited self-rule Goal: assimilation Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based only on European styles but many have local rules Examples: British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma U. S. colonies on Pacific Islands Examples: French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam German colonies such as Tanganyika Portuguese colonies such as Angola

Imperialism in Africa

The Big Scramble was on…. . • …. Everybody wants a piece of the cake…. • Imperialism will lead to the 100% take over of Africa • No other place on Earth will be conquered and consumed by the Europeans to the degree that Africa was

Imperialism in Africa • Before imperialization, Africa was populated by 100’s of Ethnic Groups speaking over 1, 000 languages • African Societies ranged from small tribal communities to empires of 10 million people • Before imperialization, Europe only interacted with coastal territories in Africa near the Mediterranean and Atlantic coast • An early Dutch Colony had been established in Cape Town, South Africa

• European interest in Africa sparked in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries due to slave trade • There were independent nations like Ethiopia (led by Menelik II) and Liberia • Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the U. S. and was created by them as a colony for free slaves

5 Motivating Factors behind Imperialism: 1. Economic 2. Political 3. Ideological 4. Religion 5. Exploratory • Which of these factors were directly related to the Industrial Revolution which had preceded the era of Imperialism?

Africa continued: • Inventions of the Industrial Revolution such as the Steam Engine (Steam powered River Boats) and the Maxim Gun gave the Europeans a huge advantage over the native African populations. • European Nations embarked on a mad scramble for land beginning in 1880. • In 1882 Belgium established control of the Congo. Soon thereafter, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal all had claims to African lands.

Africa continued: • Berlin Conference was held in 1884/1885. • 14 European nations met to establish rules for the division of Africa • They Agreed that any European nation could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of their claims and showing they could control the area. • By 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia were unclaimed.

AFRICA- 1914

Africa 1914

What was it like? • Answer the following question then discuss it with a partner. • what you think it must have been like upon seeing the Europeans for the first time?

Imperialism: Partition of Africa

Cecil Rhodes- his vision for England

Views on Imperialism… • Most Europeans supported imperialism • Associated spreading their countries empire with a deep sense of national pride (nationalism) • Critics in both Europe and the United States disagreed with the amount of cruelty and lack of freedom towards the natives

White Man’s Burden • Imperialism was often seen as the obligation or duty of Industrialized nations. • In 1899, the British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem "The White Man’s Burden” • Urged the U. S. to take up the "burden" of empire building • Theodore Roosevelt said that the poem was "rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view. ” • Some wrote parodies and critiques of Kipling’s poem to • "The Black Man’s Burden" and "The Poor Man’s Burden, " by H. T. Johnson and George Mc. Neil were two parodies.

Assignment: White Man’s Burden Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. According to Kipling, what is the “White Man’s burden”? by

The white man’s burden. Detroit 1899 The Journal,

British Imperialism

British Imperialism • British Imperialism • British dominated 19 th century imperialism • Reached it’s height under Queen Victoria • Jump start due to early industrialization • Originally about economics • Glorified imperialism in stories, newspapers, poetry • Ex. Kipling’s White Man’s Burden • Major Rivals: • France • Germany

RHODES COLOSSUS • Cecil Rhodes built the trans-Africa railway • Rhodesia was named after him (now Zimbabwe) “We [the British] happen to be the best in the world, with the highest ideals of dependency and justice and liberty and peace, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for humanity. ”

Cecil Rhodes… • Cecil Rhodes was a British explorer, investor, opportunist and imperialist. • Rhodes was a full on imperialist and supported everything imperialists believed in • Rhodes became one of the wealthiest imperialists of the era

Cecil Rhodes

Cecil Rhodes 1853 -1902 • Rhodes moved from England to South Africa as a boy • Become involved in the Diamond Industry, founded De. Beers Mining Inc. • Later attended Oxford University • Instrumental in Expanding Britain’s control of African territories by obtaining mining rights • Wanted to connect South Africa and Cairo, Egypt by British Controlled Colonies • Named Rhodesia after himself, now Zimbabwe

Cecil Rhodes

Rhodes- Scholarly Quotes…. . • Rhodes famously declared: "To think of these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach. I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far. "[17] • “We must find new lands from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave labor that is available from the natives of the colonies. The colonies would also provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods produced in our factories. ”[18][19] • “Pure philanthropy is very well in its way but philanthropy plus five percent is a good deal better. ”[20] • "I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. . . If there be a God, I think that what he would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible. . . “ • "In order to save the 40 million inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a bloody civil war, we colonial statesmen must acquire new lands to settle the surplus population, to provide new markets for the goods produced by them in the factories and mines. . . "

Cecil Rhodes 1853 -1902 • Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was destined to greatness. • In his last will and testament, Rhodes said of the British, "I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. " • He wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all of the white countries in the empire, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Colony, would be represented in the British Parliament. • Said that he wanted to breed an American elite of philosopher-kings who would have the USA rejoin the British Empire. • Rhodes also respected the Germans and admired the Kaiser, and allowed Germans to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. • He believed that eventually Great Britain, the USA and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure peace together. [

Cecil Rhodes

Cecil Rhodes- So what do you think of him? Great Guy? "I admire him, I frankly confess it; and when his time comes I shall buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake“ ~ Mark Twain

Conflict Over South Africa • Africans, Dutch and British all clashed over land resources in S. Africa • Zulu Wars: From the late 1700’s to 1800’s Zulu chief Shaka created a large centralized state • Successors unable to protect state from British control • Zulu area’s became part of British territory in 1887

• Dutch settlers known as Boers set up land in Cape of Good Hope in late 1600’s • Britain took over in the 1800’s and the Dutch and British clashed over policies regarding land slaves • In 1830’s Boers moved north in whats called the Great Trek to escape Bristish • Boers found themselves fighting the Zulu’s over the northern land they were taking

The Boer War • Diamonds and gold were discovered in S. Africa in the 1860’s and 1880’s • Outsiders rushed into the area to make fortunes • Boers tried to keep the outsiders from gaining any rights • An attempted rebellion against Boer control of the land failed • Boers blamed Britain and in 1899 went to war against them

• Boers used commando raids and guerilla tactics against British • British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease ridden concentration camps • Britain won the war and in 1902 the Boer republics joined into the selfgoverning Union of South Africa • Under British control

African Resistance • African’s could not fight against Europe’s superior arms and weapons • Sometimes Africans formed alliances with Europeans • Hoped agreement would allow them to remain independent • Often times the Europeans turned their backs on African’s and deny them Ind. • Other times African’s resisted Europeans with everything they had • Aside from Ethiopia every resistance failed

• Algeria resisted French control for 50 years • Maji Rebellion: • African’s in German East Africa resisted German control • Believed that a magic water “maji-maji” would turn German bullets into water • Armed with spears and their magic water the African’s attacked a German post • German machine guns mowed down 26, 000

Ethiopian Resistance • Menelik II became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 • He successfully played Italian, British and French against each other • Meanwhile he built up a huge stockpile of weapons • Menelik was about to sign a treaty with Italy that would give Italy what he thought was a small portion of land • He discovered differences between the meanings of words in Amharic (Ethiopian language) and Italian • Italy was tricking him into giving up all of Ethiopia as a protectorate of Italy

• Italy sent forces into northern Ethiopia • Menelik declared war • Battle of Adowa: • One of the greatest battles in African history • Ethiopia successfully defeated Italy to maintain its independence

Impact of Colonial Rule • Most effects were negative • Positives: • Europeans lowered local warfare • Humanitarian benefits improved sanitation, hospitals and schooling • African products became valuable • Railroads, dams, telephones all brought into Africa

• Negatives: • Lost control of their land • Many died from European diseases like smallpox • Thousands of lives lost from resistance • Famines from switching from subsistence farming to cash crops • Breakdown of African culture • Boundaries included rival tribes living together which caused conflict and still does today

Imperialism: Perspective “Our whole existence has been controlled by people with an alien attitude to life, people with different customs and beliefs. They have determined the form of government, the types of economic activity, and the schooling which our children have…A man who tries to control the life of another does not destroy the other any less because he does it, as he thinks, for the other’s benefit. It is the principle which is wrong, the principle of one man governing another without his consent. ” -Julius Nyerere of Tanzania With a neighbor-

Imperialism in Muslim Lands

Ottoman Empire Collapses • Ottoman Empire began to fall apart • Tried to make reforms but failed • After Ottoman ruler Suleiman I died, no ruler could maintain power • Ottoman Empire fell far behind Europe • Attempts to modernize failed • Rising nationalism weakened empire as Greece and Serbia gained independence • Europe was ready to jump in and imperialize

• Geopolitics: interest in taking lands for strategic military, economic or political use • Ottoman empire was very strategically located • Access to Mediterranean and Atlantic • Russia had to go through Ottoman Empire to get to the Mediterranean • Russia launched many wars against Ottomans to gain access to the Black Sea

Crimean War • 1853 Russia and Ottomans went to war • Fought on Crimean peninsula on the Black Sea • Britain and France wanted to prevent Russia from taking this land joined the Ottomans • War showed how weak the Ottomans were • Even with French and British help they were losing • Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Bosnia, Bulgaria, and land in Africa • By the 1910’s Ottoman Empire was a small portion of land

Egypt • Egypt attempted to modernize to prevent European colonization • Leader Muhammad Ali modernized military and economy • His grandson Isma’il supported building the Suez Canal

Suez Canal • Suez Canal was a manmade water way connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea • Built with French money and Egyptian labor • Egypt owed over $450 Million from project • Could not pay the debt and Britain took over the canal • In 1882 Britain occupied Egypt to control canal • Canal was “lifeline of the Empire” as it connected Britain to Asia and African colonies

Persia and the Middle East • Asia, Russia and Britain competed to take over Persia through spheres of influence • Britain gained land in Afghanistan to buffer Russia from India • Britain discovered oil here in 1908 • Persia sold rights to European businesses to control certain areas and products • Citizens of Persia did not want European influence in Persia and fought against these businesses

• When Persian leaders attempted to sell tobacco rights to Britain the people boycotted • The people boycotted tobacco and were successful • Persia cancelled the sale

• By 1907 Britain and Russia took over Persia and divided it into spheres of influence • In the Muslim territories of the Ottoman Empire and Persia, Europeans used economic imperialism to achieve their goals • Created spheres of influence • Muslim attempts to modernize and resist European changes were too little too late

British Imperialism in India

British Imperialism • British Imperialism in India • India was the largest and most lucrative colony of the entire British Empire. • 1600’s British East India Co. began trading in India; over time gaining more economic and POLITICAL control • “Jewel in the crown” the most valuable of all the British colonies • Period of British rule was known as the “Raj”

British Rule in India • The East India Company controlled India and operated in India under the authorization of the government of England. • Britain regulated the company but rarely interfered • As an Imperial holding, India became so successful, it was became referred to as the “Jewel of the Crown”. • To Maintain control, the E. I. C. relied on a military made up of Sepoy’s (Indian’s serving under the command of the British). • Resentment built reaching a crisis with the Sepoy Rebellion and the Cawnpore massacre.

Jewel in the Crown • Originally India was set up based on its potential rather than profit • Over 300 million native Indians to trade with • Raw materials and large population made India the “Jewel in the Crown” • Britain restricted India’s production and consumption strictly to Britain made goods • Had to import clothing and other goods from Britain rather than make goods themselves

• Britain set up railroad network in India • Easily able to send raw materials and goods from interior to coast to be traded • Tea, indigo, coffee and cotton were some of the biggest raw materials • Opium was grown and sold to the Chinese (who the British purposefully had addicted to the drug)

The Sepoy Rebellion • The Sepoy Rebellion or Uprising was fueled by rumors • Years of discontent and objection to oppression came to a collision point when rumors spread that the British were disrespecting the Indian religions (Hindu and Muslim) by forcing them to bite the top off of the ammunition cartridges • The cartridges were sealed with animal fat (pork and beef) both of which may not be consumed by Indian religions • - Pork- Muslim • - Beef- Hindu • The rumors were that the British intentionally used these products to intentionally force the Indians to

• When an entire Sepoy group refused to accept the cartridges the British threw them in jail • The next day the Sepoy’s rebelled • The rebellion spread over most of N. India • Britain and the Sepoys were trying to slaughter each other • It took the E. I. C over 1 year to get the rebellion under control

• India could not unite to defeat the British • Conflicts between Hindu’s and Muslim’s led to disunity • Some Hindu’s preferred the new British rule to the old Muslim rule of India

Result of Rebellion • In 1858 Britain took direct control over India • The part of India that was under direct control was called the Raj • India was divided into 11 provinces and 250 districts • Often times only a few British lived within a district that contained millions of Indians • Britain set up a Governor. General to govern over India

Impacts of Rebellion • Fueled European racism against Indians • Distrust between British and Indian’s increased • Native’s in India began trying to modernize to limit control of Britain • Nationalistic feelings arose against the British • Did not like being considered second class

Imperialism in India • Long-Term Effects of Colonization in India • Resurgence of nationalism against GB • Creation of: • Indian National Congress-1855 • Mix of all Indians • Muslim League-1906 • Just Muslim Indians • Goal: push for independence and protection of Muslim rights Strong tension continues to develop between Hindus and Muslims as nationalism is on the rise

Impact of Colonialization • Positives: • India now had the third largest network of railroads in the world • Modern roads, telephones, dams, bridges and canals introduced • Schools, colleges, hospitals were built • Ended local warfare between local rulers • Negatives: • India had little to no economic or political power • India’s industries were restricted • Racist attitudes and missionary complex threatened Indian culture

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in China • Chinese had firm traditions stable & secure • Looked down at outsiders • Had strong agricultural economy • Foreign traders brought new products – foods – led to population boom in 18 th Century • Strong mining and manufacturing • Many natural resources – salt, tin, silver, iron ore • Produced fine silks, cottons, porcelain

Imperialism in China • Tea/Opium Connection • Chinese self sufficient did not need to trade WITH West but did trade TO West • British wanted to find a good (product) Chinese would want to buy to improve trade balance OPIUM! Used as pain reliever in Chinese medicine Highly addictive Over 12 million were hooked by 1830

Imperialism in China • “By what right do they (British Merchants) …use the poisonous drug (opium) to injure the Chinese people? . . . I have heard that the smoking of Opium is strictly forbidden by your country…Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries. ” • Lin Zexu, quoted in China’s Response to the West

Imperialism in China • Opium War • The British refused to stop trading OPIUM • China begins naval battle with British to stop sale of Opium • China easily DEFEATED • Effects • HONG KONG given to G. B. • Special rights given to G. B. – exempt from trade laws at ports

The British Empire • With territorial holdings around the globe that included: • Canada, South Africa, India, Hong Kong and Australia, Great Britain dominated the Era of Imperialism “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire” ~This famous adage was factually accurate.

Imperialism in China • Issues in China • • POPULATION had grown dramatically Food supply lacking Government CORRUPTION Opium use INCREASING WHAT’S A NATION TO DO? Overthrow the government, of course! TAIPING REBELLION & BOXER REBELLION

Rebellions • Led by Hong Xiuquan • Taiping means “great peace” • Wanted to make China independent and share wealth to limit poverty • 1 million people joined his forces • Took over large areas in SE China • Eventually lost control and the 14 year long rebellion was crushed

• Boxer Rebellion: • Resentment of foreigners led to people joining rebel group known as the Society of Harmonious Fists • Known as Boxers • Soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, U. S. quickly defeated rebels • Rebellions led to strong sense of nationalism in China

Self Strengthening Movement • Effects of Instability in China • Foreigners import resources for MILITARY • China loses control of QUALITY and in trade balance • Increasing WESTERN INFLUENCE • Public not overly supportive of program • Foreigners attack • Other countries capitalize on China’s weaknesses • Resulting treaties lead to spheres of influence

Assignment • Use pages 335 -339 in text to provide an overview of the causes, effects, and policies that affected China in the 1800 s and 1900 s. Fill out corresponding graphic organizer! Causes Events/Policies Opium War Taiping Rebellion Self-Strengthening Movement Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion Effects

Imperialism in Japan

Why Not Japan? • Japan modernized and unified based on the western model, therefore, the country was able to prevent imperialistic takeover!

Japan ends Isolation • During the 17 th Century Japan was shut off from the Western world • Continued to trade with China • Major European powers wanted to trade with Japan • America pulled up off cost of Tokyo with steam powered ships and cannons • Japan knew right then and there that they had to modernize to withstand new Western tech.

• Treaty of Kanagawa: This treaty between Japan and the U. S. gave the U. S. 2 supply ports and an Embassy in Japan • Other European countries soon followed

Reform Under Meiji Reign • Japan feared losing control of land • Emperor Mutsuhito took over and ruled for 45 years • Meiji Era was time period where Japan adopted Western ways • Studied foreign nations and adopted their ways • Set up navy like the British, education like America, and army like the Germans • Set up Industrialized economy

Japanese Imperialism • Japan had become strongest military power in Asia • Fought foreign control • China broke a trade agreement with Japan over Korea • Rebellions in Korea led to China sending military to help • Japan sent its military to fight Chinese • Sino Japanese War began • Japan drove China out of Korea • Japan took over Manchuria • Signed peace agreement giving Japan Taiwan

Russo-Japanese War • Russia and Japan were now the major powers in East Asia • Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria • Japan drove Russia out of Korea • Japan captured most of Russia’s navy • 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth ended the war • Japan received captured territories

Japan and Korea • After defeating Russia, Japan attacked Korea • 1905 made Korea a protectorate • 1907 Korea gave up control of country • In 1910 Japan officially annexed Korea • Japan ruled Korea through harsh tactics • Took over Korean news, schools, society, businesses • Japans harsh rule led to rising Korean nationalism

Treaty of Kanagawa - U. S. desired to trade with Japan - Treaty that opened 2 ports to U. S. - Allowed U. S. to establish embassy in Japan - Sparked other powers to ask for permission to trade at treaty ports - Japanese citizens not happy

Meiji Era - Japanese citizens angry about Treaty of Kanagawa - Tokugawa shogun disliked - 45 year reign after Tokugawa shogun - Best way to oppose Western imperialism was to adopt new ways of living - Became strongest military power and became more imperialistic

Sino-Japanese War Japan became more modernized and saw empire building as a way to protect itself Forced Korea to open its ports, China broke agreement which said it would stay out of Korea War between Japan and China to get China out of Korea China was ousted from Korea Increased Japan’s influence over the region

Russo-Japanese War Russia and Japan emerged as major powers in East Asia - War over Manchuria - Japan offered Russia rights if they would stay out Korea (they do not!) - Drove Russian troops out of Korea and later annexed the country

Annexation of Korea Japan made Korea a protectorate Brought country under control - Japan forbade public protest and completely forced Japanese life and culture on Korea - Sparked Korean Nationalist movement

Outcomes of Imperialism

Imperialism • Outcomes of Imperialism in Africa • Benefits • Reduced local warfare • Improved Infrastructure • sanitation, transportation & communication • Provided better medical care • Consequences • Lost control • Lost customs & traditions • Famines due to cash crops • Unnatural division of continent

Egypt and the Suez Canal

Persia and Oil Great Britain and Russia divide Persia and have access to oil-rich lands

Outcomes of Imperialism in Asia • India becomes a colony of Britain • China resists spheres of influence and British control • Japan becomes only Asian imperial power • Takes land in Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria

In conclusion… Important facts and figures about Imperialism: • Motivated by National Prestige (nationalism), need for natural resources, and desire for new markets. • Many Europeans justified imperialism through the concept of “social darwinism”, often fueled by racism. Reflected in Kipling’s peom “the white man’s burden”. • Africa was easily controlled by the Europeans because of many factors including: Europe had modern weapons, they had modern steam power technology and transportation, advanced medicine (cure for malaria), and the Africans lacked cultural, ethnic unity and had many logistical problems stemming from a lack of communication.

Imperialism…. In conclusion • The greatest Imperial power to emerge was Great Britain. Their empire was so vast it was said that the “Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”. • One of the most valuable areas of control during Imperialism (and to this day) was the Suez Canal- which is strategically important as the shortest route between Europe and Asia. • In Asia, China came under great imperialistic pressure, while Japan was able to resist because they had modernized and tried to imitate the industrial and cultural successes of the Europeans.