New Ideas and New Art Chapter 17 Section

New Ideas and New Art Chapter 17, Section 2, page 618

Chapter 17, Section 2 Objectives • After this lesson, students will be able to: – explain how humanists studied the Greeks and Romans, and the printing press spread humanist ideas. – describe how Renaissance art and ideas spread from Italy to Northern Europe.

Renaissance Humanism – page 619 • humanism – the belief that the individual and human society are important • Petrarch – famous scholar of ancient Roman writers

Changes in Literature – page 620 • use of Latin declined, replaced by the vernacular (the everyday language that people speak in an area) • Dante Alighieri – The Divine Comedy (story of the main character’s trip from heaven to hell) • Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

The Printing Press Spread Ideas – page 620 • Johannes Gutenburg – developed a printing press with movable metal type – books became more common = ideas spread more quickly – most works were religious in nature

How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621 • curiosity • Leonardo da Vinci – (Italian) one of the best scientists and artists of the Renaissance – amazing mind who was truly ahead of his time

How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

How Did Humanism Affect Society? – page 621

Artists in Renaissance Italy – page 623 • religious works • perspective – method that makes a drawing or painting look three dimensional • chiaroscuro – artistic technique using light and shadows to soften edges

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623 • three most famous painters of the Renaissance: – Leonardo da Vinci – Michelangelo Buonarroti – Raphael Sanzio

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623

The Peak of the Renaissance – page 623 • William Shakespeare – English playwright who wrote comedies and tragedies – Julius Caesar – A Midsummer Night’s Dream – Romeo and Juliet – Hamlet – Mac. Beth

The Reformation Begins Chapter 17, Section 3, page 633

Calls for Church Reform – page 634 • the Reformation – movement to reform the Catholic Church; led to the creation of Protestantism • Why? – the Church’s focus on wealth (palaces and fine art) – nepotism among high-ranking Church officials – selling of indulgences (a pardon from the Church for a person’s sins) • more appropriately – the more complete payment of the debt owed to God – other reasons

The Church Upsets Reformers – page 634 • the selling of indulgences – money needed to repair the church of St. Peter’s in Rome – payment depended on your station in life – Johann Tetzel

Who was Martin Luther? – page 635 • Martin Luther – young monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church – legend of his youth – internal religious conflict leads to intense prayer – problems: good works vs. faith, indulgences – Ninety-Five Theses on the church door • 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon. • 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon.

Who was Martin Luther? – page 635

Revolt Leads to New Churches – page 636 • Church did not take Luther seriously at first • later Luther was excommunicated • creation of a new denomination (organized branch of Christianity) – Lutheranism (first Protestant denomination) – Lutheranism – • faith in Jesus, not good works, brings salvation • Bible is final source for truth about God • the church consists of all members (no pastoral mediation)

Peasant Revolts – page 636 • abhorrent working conditions • following example? • Nobles brutally crushed peasant revolts of the 1520 s.

Politics and Lutheranism – page 639 • One reason Protestantism survived because some of Europe’s kings supported it to further their own agendas. – Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) vs. The German kingdoms (various princes) – some princes chose Lutheranism to undermine Charles V – Charles V couldn’t subdue them – Peace of Augsburg: choices

Calvin and Calvinism – page 640 • John Calvin – founder of Calvinism – similarities to Lutheranism – belief in predestination – belief that the outcome of people’s lives are already determined by God – belief that people should choose their own church leaders

Catholics and Protestants Chapter 17, Section 4, page 642

Objectives After this lesson, students will be able to: – explain how Catholics and Protestants fought each other. – explain how Henry VIII created a Protestant church in England.

Counter-Reformation – page 643 • Counter-Reformation – Catholic attempt to convince people to return to the Catholic Church – Council of Trent • rules on the behavior of Church officials • establishment of a seminary – a special school for training and educating priests

Religious Wars in France – page 644 • Catholics vs. Protestants • 1562 – civil war erupts • Huguenots = French Protestants led by Henry of Navarre, head of the Bourbon family (Henry IV) • Henry IV agreed to become Catholic to rule France • Edict of Nantes = Catholicism was France’s official religion, but gave Huguenots freedom

What Was the Thirty Years’ War? – page 645 • Thirty Years’ War – considered worst religious war of the Reformation era. – Holy Roman Empire – Protestant revolt in Bohemia – England, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands join in on the side of the Protestants; Spain and the H. R. E. for Catholics – Spain weakened; France empowered

The English Reformation – page 648 • Henry VIII – married six queens, imprisoned and beheaded people, founded the Church of England (Anglican Church). – Henry and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon – no male heir – Henry vs. the Church – Henry made his own church

Who Was Bloody Mary? – page 649 • Edward VI • Mary I – Catholic – daughter of Catherine of Aragon – tried to return England to Catholicism – failed • Elizabeth I – Protestant queen who became one of the greatest rulers in English history