New Gas Technology Rebates Demand Controlled Ventilation DCV

New Gas Technology Rebates: Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) Ryan R. Hoger, LEED AP 708. 670. 6383 ryan. hoger@tecmungo. com

Ventilation Control Comfort Is More Than Just The Right Temperature… Comfort = Temperature + Ventilation

Ventilation Control How is ventilation provided in buildings today? The same way it was in 1930. With Fixed Ventilation!

Minimum Ventilation Rates

Fixed Ventilation Building codes require ventilation rates based on cfm/person: (typically 20 cfm/person) Max Occupancy: Actual Occupancy: 251 5 people===500 cfm person 500 cfm Inefficient!

Ventilation Control Fixed Ventilation In a Multi-Zone VAV Building Total cfm = Max occupants X 20 cfm There Is No Control!

Temperature Control In A Multi-Zone VAV Building Temperature Sensor Temperature + Ventilation Sensor • Measure In Each Zone • Control Based On Actual Load What if we did the same thing with ventilation?

Great Idea! Delivers The RIGHT Amount of Fresh Air, But How Does It Work? To The RIGHT Place, At The RIGHT Time…

Indoor Air Quality FIRST ALARM (TWA) SECOND ALARM (STEL) SENSOR LOCATION RADIUS OF DETECTION Temperature & Humidity N/A N/A Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) 800 -1200 ppm 5000 ppm Oxygen (O 2) 19. 5% (O 2 depletion) 22% (O 2 saturation) 5 ft. above floor 20 ft.

CO 2 Basics • CO 2 is NOT a contaminant, it is a colorless, odorless gas found naturally in the atmosphere – Outdoor levels are fairly constant at 400 +/- 25 ppm – Typical indoor levels 400 to 2, 500 ppm – Not harmful unless concentrations reach 30, 000 ppm • Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide are NOT the Same

CO 2 Basics People exhale CO 2 at concentrations of 4% (40, 000 ppm) Normal room concentrations are in the range of 400 - 1200 ppm As a gas, CO 2 diffuses and equalizes rapidly throughout a room (like humidity)

CO 2 and Ventilation Rates • CO 2 production by people is very predictable based on activity level • Doubling the people in a room will double CO 2 production

Ventilation Control Actual Occupancy 1 25 person 5 people===100 cfm 20 cfm 500 cfm Ventilation based on actual occupancy!

Zone Ventilation Control

Research & Studies • Numerous Studies Confirm that Correct Ventilation: • Increases Productivity • Improves Occupant/Customer Satisfaction • Helps Prevent Sick Building Syndrome Health Affects DOE/Lawrence Berkeley Labs Indoor Environment In Schools Pupils’ Health & Performance In Regard To CO 2 Concentrations A significant correlation was found between decreased performance and high CO 2 levels (lower ventilation rates).

Research & Studies • Numerous Studies Confirm that Correct Ventilation: • Increases Productivity • Improves Occupant/Customer Satisfaction • Helps Prevent Sick Building Syndrome Health Affects “Air Quality and Ventilation” ranked very high (#2 of 25) on the list of tenant retention issues in a recent survey conducted by Real Estate Information Systems.

Research & Studies • Numerous Studies Confirm that Correct Ventilation: • Increases Productivity • Improves Occupant/Customer Satisfaction • Helps Prevent Sick Building Syndrome Health Affects DOE/Lawrence Berkeley Labs Evaluation of Sick Leave Statistics vs. Ventilation Rates (3720 employees / 40 buildings): Optimal ventilation reduces sick time costs. For every $1 spent on ventilation cost, $2 are saved in sick time.

DCV Savings Chart compares ventilation usage throughout typical day using purple to represent “demand controlled” and green to represent “constant” n. Difference between equates to significant savings n Federal Energy Management Program Study

Research Findings Demand Control Ventilation Energy wasted - no DCV Energy required, DCV control applied HUGE Savings

Examples of Potential Energy Savings and ROI THEATRE $11, 530 Annual Savings 8 mo. ROI SCHOOL OFFICES THEATRE Annual Savings $20, 051 18 mo. ROI $3, 448 15 mo. ROI $17, 603 7 mo. ROI RETAIL $18, 729 Annual Savings 5 mo. ROI SCHOOL OFFICES Annual Savings $6, 910 15 mo. ROI $7, 112 12 mo. ROI

FEMP Study • – 4 CO 2 sensors per floor Energy Model l – $81, 293 annually $3, 000 per floor $0. 22/ft 2 Actual saving for 6 months was $133, 805

Determine if CO 2 Control is Appropriate

Control Setpoints Condition Of Indoor Air 2, 600 2, 400 Unacceptable 5 cfm/person Very Poor 6 cfm/person 2, 200 If OA CO 2 is 400 ppm: 20 cfm/person = 930 ppm CO 2 15 cfm/person = 1, 100 ppm CO 2 10 cfm/person = 1, 450 ppm CO 2 2, 000 Poor 1, 800 8 cfm/person 1, 600 Under Ventilated. 10 cfm/person 1, 400 1, 200 1, 000 Marginal 15 cfm/person Ideal 20 cfm/person 800 Opportunity To Save Energy By Reducing Ventilation Over Ventilated 600 400 Typical Outside Levels 25 cfm/person 30 cfm/person Ventilation Rate Need To Increase Outside Air Ventilation Inside CO 2 Concentration (ppm) CO 2 Control Point Depends on: • Outdoor CO 2 Level (typically 450 ppm) • Required cfm/person ventilation rate

Now Allowed by Most Mechanical Codes Benefits of Ventilation Control • Proof of Compliance ASHRAE Standard 62. 1 International Mechanical Code (IMC) Local Codes Using CO 2 -based ventilation control ensures compliance to codes and standards

Now Allowed by Most Codes ASHRAE 62. 1 -2010 Same language for IMC 2012 Written into the actual standard since ASHRAE 62 -2004

Chicago Ventilation Code 2003 18 -28 -403. 1. 2 Demand ventilation. The amount of outside air delivered by a mechanical supply system may be reduced during operation below the quantities listed in able 18 -28 -403. 3 if the system is capable of measuring and maintaining CO 2 levels in occupied spaces no greater than 1000 ppm. The system capacity shall be greater than or equal to the ordinance requirements.

Now Required by Most Energy Codes Benefits of Ventilation Control • Proof of Compliance ASHRAE Standard 90. 1 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) Local Codes Also required in green codes such as ASHRAE 189. 1, Ig. CC, and LEED

DCV Now Required by Most Codes ASHRAE 90. 1 -2007 is state code of Indiana This language is the same for IECC 2009 which is required by law Wisconsin and Michigan Illinois follows IECC 2012 which requires DCV at 25 people per 1000 ft 2

Why Now? • Digital Control Systems – Integration of ventilation control • Increased Ventilation Rates (ASHRAE/IMC) • Increasing Energy Costs • Required by Energy Codes • Decreasing Sensor Costs (First & Life Cycle) & Increased Sensor Reliability

Sensor Cost • Control system integration • Sensor technology and integration (CO 2 + Temp) • Volume increases $1500 $500 1992 Installed Cost Per Point 1997 2003

Sensor Reliability • 15 Year design life • Non-interactive, selective to CO 2 only • Stable - lifetime calibration

Self Calibration of a CO 2 Detector • Automatic Baseline Calibration (ABC Logic) • Self calibrating algorithm • Considers lowest CO 2 level every 24 hrs • Looks at long term changes in baseline • Applies a correction factor for calibration

Self Calibration of a CO 2 Detector

Sensor Reliability Self Calibration Over 14 Days

Long Term Sensor Stability

Stat, Econ, and DCV Energy Savings

Rebates for CO 2 2013 -14 rebates below are tentative • • Peoples & North Shore Gas (Illinois) • $1 per annual therm saved • Changes to $0. 50 per ft 2 starting June 1 Nicor Gas (Illinois) • $0. 75 to 1 per annual therm saved • Changes to $0. 50 per ft 2 starting June 1 Com. Ed Electric (Illinois) • $0. 03 per ft 2 • Changes $0. 04 starting June 1 DCEO (IL public buildings) • $0. 28 to 0. 40 per ft 2 • Changes for June? Please read all rules and qualifications for each incentive. Not all unit sizes and types will qualify. Some programs may have maximums for DCV.

Other New DCV Rebates 2013 -14 rebates below are tentative for June 1 • • Peoples & North Shore Gas (Illinois) • Heated Parking Garages - $0. 50 per ft 2 • Kitchen DCV - $350 per exhaust fan hp Com. Ed Electric (Illinois) • Parking Garages - $300 per Hp • Kitchen DCV - $350 per exhaust fan Hp Please read all rules and qualifications for each incentive. Not all unit sizes and types will qualify. Some programs may have maximums for DCV.

Vehicle Demand Controlled Ventilation Up to 80% fan energy reduction!!! Parking garages Loading docks Vehicle bays l l l – – l Fire stations Car dealerships Bus terminals

Case Study – Parking Garage Ventilation fans ran 24/7 l – – 1. 5 M k. Wh annually $242, 000 annually Installed l – – 41 CO sensors 8 VFDs $160, 000 install cost 90% reduction in fan energy l l – – – Saved 1. 35 M k. Wh annually Saved $217, 800 annually Simply payback of 9 months

Alarm Setpoints Toxic Gases Time weighted average (TWA): Concentration levels that nearly all workers can be exposed to, during an 8 hour workday or 40 hour workweek, without suffering adverse affects Short-term exposure limit (STEL): Maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for a period of 15 continuous minutes Ceiling concentration level (CCL): Exposure limit that should not be exceeded even momentarily

Standards l EXPOSURE LIMITS – – – OSHA PEL - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for CO is 50 PPM as an 8 -hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration [29 CFR Table Z-1] NIOSH REL - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for CO of 35 PPM as an 8 -hour TWA and 200 PPM as a ceiling [NIOSH 1992] American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned CO a threshold limit value (TLV) of 25 PPM as a TWA for a normal 8 -hour workday and a 40 -hour workweek [ACGIH 1994, p. 15]

CO – Carbon Monoxide Gas l l A colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of carbon compounds. Carbon monoxide is a major industrial gas with many applications in bulk chemical manufacturing. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas – – – l TWA (8 hour): 25 ppm (2007 ACGIH) Common type of poisoning Attaches to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, impairing the ability to transport oxygen Symptoms of exposure include: – – – Headaches Flu-like effects Toxicity of central nervous system and heart (larger exposures)

NO 2 – Nitrogen Dioxide l l l Reddish-brown gas (above 70°F) with a pungent, acrid odor Result of incomplete combustion Reacts with water to form Nitric Acid Exposure routes – inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact. Symptoms – irritation of the eyes, nose, & throat. Decreased pulmonary function, chronic bronchitis, breathing difficulty, & chest pain Target Organs – Eyes, respiratory system, cardiovascular system

State of Gases in Ambient Air The density of the gas determines where gas can be detected At ceiling level: Lighter than air At breathing level: Equivalent to air At floor level: Heavier than air

Be Strategic About Locating Sensors

Determining the Number of Sensors The radius of operation of units defines the quantity of transmitters used within specific applications Gas Radius of Area covered detection CO*, NO 2* 50 ft 10, 000 ft 2 Others 20 ft 1, 600 ft 2 *Sources of gas must be mobile This determination is particular to each manufacturer.

Indoor Parking Garages FIRST ALARM (TWA) SECOND ALARM (STEL) SENSOR LOCATION Carbon Monoxide (CO) 25 ppm 200 ppm 5 ft. above floor Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) 0. 72 ppm RADIUS OF DETECTION 50 ft. 2 ppm 1 ft. below ceiling

Zoning Reduces energy costs • Average/compare gas levels • Control relay activation ZONE 1 Use energy only as needed, where needed! ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3

Energy Savings Estimation Tools

Ryan R. Hoger, LEED AP 708. 670. 6383 ryan. hoger@tecmungo. com