New France and France vs Britain Chapter 6
New France and France vs Britain Chapter 6
New France 1608 -1763 � France: no colonization before the 1600’s � Lots of internal problems (religious civil war) until 1600 � 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec � First settlement in New France � 1682 Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi— Louisiana � 1718 New Orleans founded � 2 parts, Canada and Louisiana � Canada: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg (all of modern-day Canada plus the Great Lakes region of the US) � Louisiana: New Orleans (all of modern-day central and a lot of the western US)
Life in New France �Canada: trade with Indians (Beaver) �Louisiana: trade with Indians and grow wheat for the French Caribbean �Friendly relations with Native Americans � Jesuits—tried to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism (didn’t force them to) � Indians incorporated into French society (somewhat) generally not as exploited as in Spanish possessions �Sparsely populated: only 60, 000 French settlers in mid 1700’s �Autocratic: no representative government, no trial by jury, no religious toleration
France vs. Britain 1689 -1763 � 4 colonial wars fought during this time �All pitted France (and Indian allies [Huron]) and sometimes the Spanish vs the British (and Indian allies [Iroquois]) � King William’s War 1689 -1697 � Queen Anne’s War 1702 -1713 � King George’s War 1744 -1748 � French and Indian War 1754 -1763
King William’s and Queen Anne’s Wars �Colonists and Indians vs colonists and Indians � Very little/no involvement from Europe � Sideshow of larger European conflicts �British gained possession of the Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland from the French � Treaty of Utrecht 1713
King George’s War 1744 -1748 �First conflict to have significant European involvement in North America (money, soldiers) �Colonists captured the French fortress-city of Louisbourg, but it was returned to France following the peace treaty (exchanged for British losses in India) �Effects on the colonists? ? ? �Effects on sense of American identity? ? ?
French and Indian War 1754 -1763 �First time a war started in North America and spread to Europe �Involved large amounts of European resources (money, soldiers) �Fought over control of the Ohio River Valley (modern pay western PA, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan) �Began when George Washington encountered French soldiers near Fort Duquesne (modern-day Pittsburgh) �British and Iroquois vs French (and Spanish) and Huron
Significant Aspects of French and Indian War � Albany Conference and the Albany Plan: 1754 � 7 of the 13 colonies met in Albany to convince the Iroquois to join the war � Agreed to one commander of colonial forces (British General) � Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan (Albany Plan) to unite the colonies together under British rule (early version of the United States but still British)—never adopted � First step of the colonies working together � Braddock’s Defeat: 1755 � Damaged the reputation of the British military in the colonies � Gave rise to the belief that colonies could survive/win without the Britsh
Franklin’s Political Cartoon: 1754
The French and Indian War �Went badly for the British/Americans at first � Braddock’s Defeat 1755 � French/Indian attacks on the frontier settlements 1755 - 1757 � British/Americans defeated in upstate New York � 1757 New British Prime Minister (William Pitt) new strategy � Pay the Americans to fight (cheaper than sending all the soldiers over from Britain) � Don’t attack the French everywhere, just attack them in Canada �British successful war ends in 1763: British/Americans Win
Peace of Paris: 1763 �Ended the war �Effects: � French gave all of Canada and Eastern half of Louisiana to the British � Spanish gave Florida to the British � To repay the Spanish for the loss of Florida the French gave the western half of Louisiana to the Spanish � No more French in North America
Significance of French and Indian War: Aftermath �Wars cost money, Britain had a large amount of debt � How do governments pay off their debts? �Indians no longer could play the French and British against each other—didn’t like this situation � Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 � Indian rebellion defeated by British but � British stationed soldiers to protect against further Indian attacks—cost money � British prohibited European settlement west of the Appalachian mountains—Proclamation of 1763
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