New England Colonies 1600 1700 WHO English Persecuted

New England Colonies 1600 -1700 • WHO? English, Persecuted Christians, Merchants, Shipping, a few Slaves and Indentured Servants. – Pilgrims, Puritans • SUBSISTENCE? Subsistence farms, fishermen, ship builders, merchants

TRADITIONAL PURITAIN DRESS TIMBER MADE SHIP BUILDING AN ESSENTIAL BUSINESS IN THE NEC!

New England Colonies • CHARACTERISTICS? Very Protestant, Very British, Education, Social Morality-Social Control (Salem Witch Trials), Merchants • LEGACY? – Grass Roots Political – Education – Social Morality – Triangle trade

1636: HARVARD COLLEGE, AMERICAS FIRST COLLEGE, ILLUSTRATES THE PURITAINS COMMITMENT TO EDUCATION!

COD WAS KING IN THE NEC! NET IT, DRY IT, TRADE IT!

THE WITCH TRIALS ILLUSTRATE THE EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL MORALITY IN THE NEC!

PUNISHMENTS WERE INTENDED TO FOSTER “CONFESSIONS”, NOT THE TRUTH!

REST IN PEACE—VICTIMS OF THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS

A NASTY WAY TO GO—PRESSING…”MORE WEIGHT!”

THE “TOWN HALL MEETING” WAS COMMON IN THE NEC AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES: THIS ILLUSTRATES THE COLONIES COMMITMENT TO GRASS ROOTS POLITICAL SYSTEMS!**

New England Colonies

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

Southern Colonies • WHO? Nobles, Indentured Servants, Poor, Slaves, Prison Inmates • SUBSISTENCE? Cash Crops • CHARACTERISTICS? Cultural Baggage, Democracy, Plantation Lifestyle

Southern Colonies… • Jamestown: 1607: 58% Mortality Rate. – Resupplied with people and good in 1608, yet: • Jamestown: 1609: 88% Mortality Rate. • Why?

Southern Colonies…. • CULTURAL BAGGAGE! – The British were remarkably ethnocentric • Meaning that they arrogant and intolerant • Refused to learn from the Native People… • The Native people had a nick name for the first colonists………”the weaker ones. ”

Southern Colonies…. • Bacons Rebellion— 1676 – Rebellion of Indentured Servants, Former Indentured Servants, Slaves and the Poor. – Why? • Inequality related to • the Plantation Life Style

THE PLANTATION LIFESTYLE IN THE COLONIAL SOUTHERN COLONIES

Southern Colonies • LEGACY? –“Warping of the South” • Bacons Rebellion— 1676 • Contradiction of American Democracy

MIDDLE COLONIES • Who? First large influx of Non-English – German, Dutch, Scotch-Irish, English

Who lived there? • Dutch— 1624 – New Amsterdam – English and Dutch War--1644 • English Quakers – William Penn – Pennsylvania • More Dutch and Germans • Scotch Irish

Middle Colonies SUBSISTENCE? “Bread Basket of the East”, River Commerce, Cities, Mining CHARACTERISTCS & LEGACY? Diversity*, Tolerance*, Melting Pot…or Stew/Salad!

Long-Term Cause for the American Revolution: • Mercantilism (De Jure) vs. Salutatory Neglect (De Facto)

What is Mercantilism • Official or “De Jure” European policy of ruling their Colonies • The Express purpose of a colony was to enrich the Mother Country with unfinished Resources. – Timber, sugar cane, tobacco……… • Colonies were not to establish industry or self control.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism

What is Salutatory Neglect? • The unofficial or “De Facto” Policy of England where the Colonies were given a large degree of freedom as long as it didn’t conflict with the interest of England. • This resulted in the Colonies creating and establishing unique forms of government, social systems and economic systems. • Why?

Why did England Resort to SN? • 100 years of war distracted England made it difficult to rule with an iron fist. – Tension between all European Powers in the search for new Colonial possessions. • The American Colonies were fabulously profitable • Thus, England let the Americans establish its own unique culture! • Will England regret the change?

Salutatory Neglect

Under Salutatory Neglect, the American Colonies Started to Develop Industry-and England didn’t care……. why? Iron Works. . Lumber-Furniture

Salutatory Neglect gave rise to “Smuggling” & the return to Mercantilism creates great anger!

Events leading to the Revolution! » BACKGROUND: • The ideas of the Enlightenment & specifically the writings of John Locke. – Social Contract! • Colonial Discontent … 18 uprisings & 6 black rebellions……. why? • Local elites (like James Otis and Samuel Adams) • Taxation…without…. .

Tyranny is tyranny…. 1763—French and Indian war (7 year war) 1760—local elites stir up the rebellion 1766—regulators…. 1774—creation of continental congress. . step toward independence • 1765: traditional resentment toward elites refocused on Brittian. • April 1775: Lexington and Concord • •

Revolutions! John Adams— 33%. . . 20%. . . support rev French help ensures victory—Ben Franklin French and Indian war Local elites gain from revolution, not common persons • Constitution is an elite document • Founding fathers kept the social balance… • •

The text! • French and Indian War—Ohio River Valley – France vs. brittian – Indians side with French as “the lesser of 2 evils” • Proclamation line— 1763 • Sugar act— 1763 – Lower tax vs. smugglers • Stamp Act – Official documents

• Boston Massacre – Who Shot first? • Tea Act – Boston Tea Party

Events leading…… » Background…. . continued • Unequal distribution of wealth – Regulator Movement— 1766 • Poor Farmers---LAND, taxes, debt….

Events leading to the Merican Revolution » SPECIFIC EVENTS • French and Indian War 1756 -1763 – Reason? – Legacy? • Most Indian groups choose to ally with “the lesser of two evils”

The French & Indian War (aka The 7 Year War)

Specific events…. • The Proclamation Line 1763 – Why? – Reaction? • Sugar Act (aka Revenue Act) 1764 – What? – Why ? • Quartering act— 1765 – What and why?

Specific events…. . • Stamp act— 1765 – What? – Why? • The tea act— 1773 – What? – Why? – Boston Tea Party—December, 1773

Specific events • The Restraining Acts (aka, Intollerable Acts) 1774 • Port of Boston Closed • Change of venue for British Officials • Quartering

Events…. • Massachusetts Bay Charter Changed – Town meetings illegal – Jurors appointed by sheriff • Colonial Response: – Ignore acts and collect guns and ammo • British Response – Declare war—January 1775

So u say u want a revolution? • British send soldiers into the country to “collect” colonial radicals. • British arrive in Lexington Massachusetts, shots are fired and Americans are killed • Concord—Americans retreat to Concord • British forced to march back to Boston in a disciplined straight line.

Revolution…. . • On March, the British are harassed by American guerrilla tactics. • Causalities: – Americans: 95 -4 – British: 200 -4 • Significance – the battle was a significant failure because the British expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent, and because few weapons were actually seized.

Revolution…. . • Significance – Decisive American victory surprises everyone!

So why and how did America win? • No one, except the most passionate patriot thought we could win…. . • Identify and describe events, people, relationships, battles and conditions…. which ensured American success.

Advantages Colonists • • • Home Field--geography Skill with musket Dedicated and committed Guerrilla tactics FRANCE & Spain… Leadership Britain • • Army Navy Economy Mercenaries

Secret Aid from France • Colonial leaders realize that they MUST have help if they are to defeat Britain • May 1776 Indirect secret aid from France is established through a fake trading company (Hortalez and Company) – 90% of gun powder from France! – The help is good, • Ben Franklin is sent to France to encourage more aid, preferably In Treaty…

Secret Aid from France • Ben uses his powers of persuasion • Still the French do not want to enter a all out war without relative certainty that the AC can win. • What can the AC do to encourage the French to enter the war? • Win baby!!

The French loved Franklin; A skilled diplomat who persuaded the French that it was in their best interest to support America!

Battle of Saratoga • This is a great AC victory over the British in upstate New York--October 17, 1777 • AC General Horatio Gates defeat and CAPTURE the forces of Brittish General John Burgoyne. • Why did the AC win? – American knowledge of the land British stupidity. • France is now more interested in entering the war but are still unsure. • Franklin Bluffs the French – Well, maybe we will end the war right now and Sue for peace.

The English surrender to an “inferior” AC Force

Battle of Saratoga--Significance • The Bluff works, and the French decide they will recognize America as a nation and sign: • The Treaty of Friendship and Commerce 2 -61778 – This Treaty provides DIRECT Military and Economic support! – $, Supplies, loans, Army and Navy. – This is the turning point of the Revolution!

DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN • Spain is also involved, however they don’t want the British to know. The Spanish hate the British and therefore they offer indirectsecret aid to America. • The quid pro quo is that if Spain helps defeat the British in America, France will help Spain take back Gibralter.

Significance of the Treaty…. • WITHOUT FRENCH & SPANISH HELP THE AC WOULD NOT HAVE WON THE REVOLUTION! • THE FRENCH AND SPANISH DO NOT LOVE AMERICA, BUT………………. .

THE ENEMEY OF MY ENEMEY IS MY FRIEND!

The end is near……Battle of Yorktown (Chesapeake Bay, VA) • October 1781 • Of the 7000 troops that fought the British and were led by George Washington, 5000 were French. • French Navy is the key in a successful blockade • On October 19, 1781 the British General, Charles Cornwallis surrenders!

significance • The British have had enough and sue for Peace. – Preliminary treaty: November 30, 1781 • This Victory is very much a French Victory.

Treaty of Paris—be careful of what you ask for • Complete independence – America is defined (Atlantic to Mississippi) • Fishing liberties off Canadian coast • Pre war debts to England will be paid – Good luck with this one! • Official treaty: The Treaty of Paris— September 3, 1783

Don’t write this down • Oh yeah, what happened to France and Spain? – America signed the Treaty of Paris without Frances consent because frankly the American leadership didn’t trust the French! • The French don’t mind, and lend America more money! • The Spanish get nothing!