NEW DEAL DBQ 2003 New Deal DBQ Historical

NEW DEAL DBQ

2003 New Deal DBQ � Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government? � Open the New Deal DBQ � Apply the following to each document: 1. Main Idea (bullet point the message) 2. HAPP (apply one) 3. Historical Thinking Skill: 4. Effectiveness? Role of Government Change? Outside information (use your key terms) � Thesis Statement (Do this at the very end; after you analyzed each) � Outline

Doc A Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 Main Idea

Doc A Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 MAIN IDEA �Many women were unemployed �Women didn’t seek assistance as often as men. �Women suffered during the Great Depression too. �Focus is on unemployment in the city.

Doc A Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 �Source: A Communist magazine that originated in NYC. �Citation: In 1932, the magazine, New Masses published an article that focused on women’s hardships with unemployment. Women were also experiencing unemployment like men, but they were not able to take advantage of the same services, like homeless shelters, due to gender norms (Doc. A).

Doc A Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 HAPP

Doc A Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 HAPP �Historical Context: �Women’s care was traditionally assumed by a male. �Due to the expected role for women, places like homeless shelters were unacceptable. �Women had limited work options and the Great Depression reduced those options more. �Males were expected to care for wives and females in their family.

Doc A Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc A – (ineffective for women) Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 The New Deal was not effective in relieving economic hardships for women.

Doc A – (ineffective for women) Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc A – (ineffective for women) Meridel Lesueur, New Masses, Jan. 1932 �Economy Act: (1933 -repealed 1937) prohibit both members of a married couple to hold federal jobs; women dismissed from employment to make room for men � Excluded women from benefits such as Social Security � States bar hiring of women whose husbands make a “living wage” � Banks and Public Schools systems bar employment of married women � United Auto Workers: bar women whose husbands provide support � Married Women barred from workforce on a massive scale

The New Deal and American Women �Eleanor Roosevelt: � Biography – 1 st Lady worked to bring awareness to civil rights, human rights, and women’s rights Video (1: 29) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k. Cm. Mu. V-eu. Jg � “Eleanor’s Little Village” � Arthurdale: ER assisted with the construction of rural this community in West Virginia to relocate coal miners who would ultimately rely on subsistence farming and attraction of industry like General Electric Video (1: 09) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. CNUESIj 2_o Background: https: //www. gwu. edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/arthurdale. cfm

The New Deal and American Women � Discrimination: brought attention to rampant issues of racial injustice (segregation, disenfranchisement, lynching), brought awareness to lower wages being paid to black workers in southern relief programs like the WPA and FDR’s executive orders to end this practice Evidence of racial discrimination – photos: http: //www. loc. gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/depwwii/race/evidence. html Marian Anderson: Daughters of American Revolution (DAR) refused to allow the female black singer a performance at Constitution Hall in Washington, causing Eleanor’s resignation from the group Lincoln Memorial 1939: Eleanor arranged for Marian Anderson to perform, 75, 000 watched around the Reflecting Pool of the National Mall Marian Anderson Sound (PRX) (1: 00) Images (NPR)

The New Deal and American Women Frances Perkins �Frances Perkins, FDR’s Secretary of Labor and the first woman to serve as a cabinet secretary �Accomplishments (Video) �Biography (Video)

Doc B Letter to Senator Robert Wagner MAIN IDEA

Doc B Letter to Senator Robert Wagner �New Deal policy is harmful. �Fear growth of government power. �Favor less government involvement in the economy. �Socialism and Communism are promoted. �Policies discourage the growth of business.

Doc B Letter to Senator Robert Wagner HAPP

Doc B Letter to Senator Robert Wagner Purpose: �Author wants to influence Senator Wagner. �Wants to convince the Senator that current policies are harmful to business.

Doc B Letter to Senator Robert Wagner Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc B – (critical of growing power of government) Letter to Senator Robert Wagner �Role of government is growing and changing in a negative way. �Too much government power and regulation will hurt business and the economy.

Doc B Letter to Senator Robert Wagner OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc B – (critical of growing power of government) Letter to Senator Robert Wagner �NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) �NRA (National Recovery Administration) established � NRA work with business leaders to create industry codes � Industry Codes: set standards for output, prices, work conditions � Section 7 A: recognize workers right to organize (unions) (a change from 1920’s “open shop”) �Failure: � large companies control code writing process � NRA drive prices up, limit production, fire workers, hurt small competitors � 1935 Supreme Court NRA UNCONSTITUTIONAL (Schechter Poultry Co of Brooklyn)

Doc B – (critical of growing power of government) Letter to Senator Robert Wagner Act – Sponsored by Robert Wagner of New York �created the NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) �Affirmed the right of Unions to collective bargaining (better wages, better work conditions, shorter hours) �National Labor Relations Board supervise elections in which employees voted on union representation �Made illegal “unfair labor practices” such as firing and blacklisting union organizers

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 MAIN IDEA

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 �New Deal represents change, but not revolutionary change. �Reflects the natural progression of how the New Deal developed. �New Deal created many federal agencies. �Cartoonist supports New Deal.

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 HAPP

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 Purpose: �Convince critics of the New Deal that it isn’t a “revolution” �Not massive overhaul of Representative Democracy �New Deal is a gradual response to the economic crisis, not a the overthrow of our society.

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc C - (Role of government has expanded. ) Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 �Role of government grows gradually by the progressive development of New Deal programs (alphabet agencies) �Federal agencies or the “alphabet agencies” have increase the power and function of the federal government in the economic welfare of citizens and business.

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc C Cartoon, The Evening Star (D. C. ), April 26, 1934 �“Brains Trust” – group of academics that included a number of Columbia University professors �Accepted that big business part of a modern economy �Regulation or Management of large business a role for government

Doc D – William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 MAIN IDEA

Doc D – William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 �New Deal a set of ideas and diverse programs. �Some programs are at odds with others. �National Debt increase �Federal Bureaucracy grow �Keynesian Economic theory used

Doc D – William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 HAPP

Doc D – William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 Perspective �Author is critical of Keynesian economics = debt �Programs are impractical �Some programs fail an slow economy �Federal government expand too much

Doc D – William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc D – mixed effectiveness / federal government expanded William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 �Mixed Effectiveness – some programs worked while others slowed economy �Federal government grew significantly.

Doc D – William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc D – mixed effectiveness / federal government expanded William Lloyd Garrison Jr. , “The Hand of Improvidence, ” The Nation, Nov. 14, 1934 � Keynesian Economics – national debt increases (increased government spending + lower taxes = increase consumer demand) � National Recovery Administration – did not provide economic recovery (industrial codes) and was found unconstitutional � Labor Unrest (UAW strike – sit-down) � CCC – employed young men through conservation projects, but segregated and excluded women � AAA – (Agriculture Adjustment Act) helped to increase farm prices and income, but tenant farmers were evicted and 6 million pigs slaughtered (quotas set) – unconstitutional (US v Butler) � PWA – Public Works Administration, built roads, schools, hospitals… � TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority, extended government into the market of selling electricity and competing with private companies (dams build along TN River to prevent flooding and power)

Doc E Poster for Social Security, 1935 MAIN IDEA

Doc E Poster for Social Security, 1935 �Federal government will provide monthly checks to those 65 and over �Encourage people to apply for SS# �Eligibility of SS �Some workers are not eligible for SS

Doc E – Poster for Social Security, 1935 HAPP

Doc E – Poster for Social Security, 1935 Purpose �Federal government assume some responsibility for economic well-being of citizens.

Doc E Poster for Social Security, 1935 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc E – (limited effects / expand the role of government) Poster for Social Security, 1935 Limited Effectiveness �Exclude unmarried women(3 million) �Exclude non whites (domestic/agricultural workers) �Federal government in charge of economic well being of Americans

Doc E Poster for Social Security, 1935 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc E – Poster for Social Security, 1935 �Social Security Act - established a system of unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid to the disabled, elderly poor, and families with dependent children. � National Healthcare rejected – AMA feared government regulation of doctors & income � Southern Veto: southern Congressmen influenced exclusion of non-whites by excluding domestic/agricultural workers) � Paying taxes on wages makes you eligible for SS � Townsend Plan that inspired SS was meant to establish an old age pension

The Southern Veto � 1933 Southern Democrats assumed leadership in Congress �FDR felt he couldn’t challenge their power if the New Deal legislation were to pass �Congress excluded black Americans from Social Security (workers in agricultural and domestic careers, 2/3 of black workers in the South) �Exclusion from Social Security meant no economic safety net

The Stigma of Welfare �Public Assistance Programs were distributed by states �States determined eligibility of aid, discrimination was often used to exclude minorities �Women, African Americans, and others excluded from paying into Social Security came to depend on “welfare” �Exclusion from welfare left a disproportionate amount of black Americans dependent and baring the stigma of getting unearned government assistance

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 MAIN IDEA

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 �Case examine the codes of hours and wages for workers �Case refers to workers who are not employed by interstate commerce �Court rules against the expansion of federal power in regard to commerce within a state

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 HAPP

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 Perspective �Supreme Court rules - Congress overstepped its bounds by regulating local commercial activity �These codes regulated schedules of minimum wages, prices, maximum work hours, collective bargaining, and other rules that would be binding upon entire industries

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 � National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) deemed unconstitutional (ineffective in managing market prices / federal government cannot regulate intrastate commerce)

Doc F Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc F – Charles Evans Hughes, majority opinion, Schechter v US, 1935 �Case examined the codes established by the NIRA and (NRA – National Recovery Administration) setting work hours / wages, industry codes �Cannot regulate business not involved in interstate commerce �Supreme Court prohibits expansion of government and NIRA therefore ineffective

NRA (National Recovery Administration) NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) - established the NRA � Similar to the War Industries Board that was created to regulate business during WWI Purpose: � Create artificial scarcity in order to cause prices to increase, helping business � Industries helped set codes that would set production quotas, limit operation hours, and limit business expansion � Minimum wage, exclusion of child labor, and set work hours established to win over labor unions � Section 7 a – recognize collective bargaining of labor unions rather than supporting “open shop” policies

The NRA (National Recovery Administration) �Blue Eagle – symbol that companies who participated in the codes set by the NRA displayed Problems: �Large Companies dominated establishment of codes �Large Companies created an unfair market where small business couldn’t compete with established codes � 7 a or collective bargaining wasn’t honored by all employers �Government Oversight was negligent �Economic Recovery did NOT result

The NRA (National Recovery Administration) Schechter v United States (1935) �Supreme Court deemed the National Recovery Act unconstitutional �Schechter Poultry Company of Brooklyn did not adopt the codes established for the chicken industry �The President does not have the power to regulate local business �Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce

NRA (National Recovery Administration) Summary: �Created by NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) �Worked with big business to develop industrial codes which would regulate production of goods in order to raise prices/profit (artificial scarcity) �Blue Eagle - “We Do Our Part” �Recognized the right of labor to collective bargaining (shorter hours, wages, work conditions) �Schechter Poultry Corp v United States (1935) – NRA found unconstitutional

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 MAIN IDEA

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 �Lack of acceptable working conditions leads to labor unrest �Employers oppose collective bargaining �Accuse large companies (GM, US Steel) of breaking labor laws �Workers have a right to collective bargaining

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 HAPP

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 Perspective �Blames employers and companies for labor unrest �Supports National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) �Anticipates more sit-down strikes

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 �Role of Government is now SUPPORTIVE OF LABOR FORCE AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

Doc G – NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc G – Government support labor NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 �Wagner Act (NLRB - National Labor Relations Board) - support unions, supervise the election of union representatives �Outlaw “unfair labor practices” Example: Can’t fire & blacklist union organizers �Labor Unions grow in membership

Doc G – Government support labor NBC radio broadcast, John L. Lewis, Dec, 13, 1936 � John L. Lewis – helped create CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations, 1935) � 1935 – he ran the United Mine Workers union (separated from AFL because wouldn’t allow workers to organize by industry over craft) � 1936, United Auto Workers (UAW) sit-down strike � 7, 000 workers at General Motors halted production and remained inside the facility � Strike spread (Cleveland, OH to Flint, Michigan) � Workers maintained machinery, cleaned, prepared meals, held concerts of labor songs � GM negotiated with UAW � 1937 – 400, 000 members � 1940 – 9 million members in CIO

Sit-down strike at a General Motors factory in Flint, Michigan, 1937. Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 MAIN IDEA

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 �New Deal created many new agencies �Executive Branch more efficient Judicial Branch �revitalized by legislation and appointments

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 HAPP

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 Perspective �Strong support of New Deal �New Deal will improve the country �Federal government is responsive to public need �Supreme Court wasn’t supportive in the 1 st New Deal (AAA, NIRA), but is now supportive

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 �New Deal expanded the role of government.

Doc H – “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc H – Supreme Court mostly support New Deal and expanded role of government “The New Deal in Review” editorial in The New Republic, May 20, 1940 � “Court Packing” scheme – FDR won reelection in 1936 and feared that the conservative court would reject Social Security, Wagner Act, and other new deal programs � Proposed to replace all justices over 70 years old (6 of the 9 justices) � Congress rejected � FDR fears were invalid as the Supreme Court upheld New Deal programs a minimum wage law in Washington sate, supported SS and the Wagner Act, affirmed federal power to regulate wages, hours, child labor, agricultural production …

Doc I – “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 MAIN IDEA

Doc I – “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 �Roosevelt administration attempted to include African Americans in New Deal programs �Federal government segregated many programs

Doc I – “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 HAPP

Doc I – “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 Perspective �African Americans now view the federal government as more supportive

Doc I – “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc I – mixed effectiveness for African Americans “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 �New Deal created employment for African Americans �Long standing patterns of discrimination and segregation persisted �African Americans voted for FDR and Democratic party �FDR effective in gaining support of African Americans despite limitations

Doc I – “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc I – mixed effectiveness for African Americans “The Roosevelt Record, ” editorial in The Crisis, Nov. 1940 �FDR attempted to include African Americans in New Deal programs �Discrimination & Segregation continued in some programs (CCC)

Limited impact for African Americans Last Hired, First Fired �Always “last hired and first fired, ” African-Americans suffered the most in the Depression. �Competed with unemployed whites �Unemployment rate twice that of whites �Benefitted less from direct government relief and public works projects �The Depression forced blacks to make economic survival their primary demand. Even W. E. B. Du Bois surrendered his hopes for racial integration, and urged blacks to think of themselves as “a nation within a nation. ” He urged blacks to build an independent, cooperative economy within their own communities and take control of separate schools.

A New Deal for Blacks � While Roosevelt seemed little interested in race relations or civil rights, he appointed Mary Mc. Leod Bethune, a wellknown black educator, as his advisor on minority affairs and other blacks to positions. � Key members of his administration, including his wife and secretary of the interior Harold Ickes, criticized segregation, disenfranchisement, and lynching. � Blacks generally supported the New Deal and started voting for the Democratic Party, shifting away from their traditional support for Republicans. � Their hopes for broader changes were stymied by white southern Democrats’ influence in the party.

Federal Discrimination Federal Housing Administration � insured mortgages that contained clauses barring future sale to non-whites � Federal housing policy powerfully reinforced residential segregations and showed the limitations of New Deal freedom. � Local officials implemented national housing policy in ways that reinforced existing racial discrimination. � Nearly all municipalities, in both North and South, insisted that housing sponsored by the federal government be racially segregated. Federal employment practices � few blacks held skilled or professional positions � In the South, many New Deal construction projects refused to hire blacks. � The New Deal’s modernization of southern agriculture led large landowners to displace tenant farmers, many of whom were blacks, from their lands.

Scottsboro Case � Reflected that racism was prevalent in the South in the 1930’s as justice failed � 9 young, unemployed black men were falsely accused of raping 2 white women on a train near Scottsboro, Alabama in 1931 � Convicted by an all white jury � 1937 Supreme Court – after Communist Party and NAACP rallied a campaign against discrimination and attention to this case, men freed and beat Jim Crow � Video (2: 32) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=tb. NRrsz 6 u. TM

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number MAIN IDEA

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number �Unemployment � Spiked in early 1920’s � Peaked in 1933 � Rose in 1937 -38 � Decline significantly after 1938 � 1933 Numbers of unemployed (12. 8 million) increased by nearly 40% �Chart doesn’t reflect unemployment of farm workers

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number HAPP

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number Purpose �Reflect effect of the New Deal on unemployment

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number Historical Thinking Skills: � Comparison How effective were these responses? � Continuity and Change Over Time How did they change the role of the federal government?

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number �New Deal not always effective

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number OUTSIDE INFORMATION

Doc J – Chart, Unemployment of nonfarm workers by % and number Unemployment - � Roosevelt Recession 1937 -1938 caused by a reduction of federal spending (reduce farm subsidies and WPA)

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3 rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W. W. Norton & Company

2003 New Deal DBQ – Outside Information � Doc A – Economy Act � Doc B – Wagner Act (NLRA – National Labor Relations Board) � Doc C – Brain Trust � Doc D - Keynesian Economics � Doc E – Dr. Francis Townsend � Doc F - National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) NRA (National Recover Administration) � Doc G – UAW Sit down � Doc H – Court Packing, AAA & NRA found unconstitutional � Doc I – segregation persist but aid was provided to African Americans � Doc J – Roosevelt Recession 1937 -1938